Primary adipsia and severe hypernatremia in a Pit Bull dog

Simone Marques Caramalac,Silvana Marques Caramalac,Alda Izabel De Souza,Fabrício De Oliveira Frazilio,Gustavo Gomes De Oliveira,Mariana Isa Poci Palumbo

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210102

Simone Marques Caramalac, Silvana Marques Caramalac + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210102

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Abstract

ABSTRACT: Primary adipsia is a rare condition in which there is failure in the activation threshold of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, leading to osmolality imbalance. Here, we reported the case of a Pit Bull dog with an altered level of consciousness (started after weaning) and adipsia. There was an increase in plasma osmolality (444 mOsm/kg), sodium (223.7 mg/dL), and chlorine (173 mg/dL) levels. Based on the suspicion of primary adipsia, water was administered via a nasogastric tube, with clinical improvement. The owner was instructed to supply water with food. Eight months after discharge, the dog returned with parvovirus and died. In the anatomopathological examination, no structural changes were observed in the central nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypernatremia due to adipsia in a Pit Bull dog, showing that this is a differential diagnosis that should be considered in this breed.

Highlights

RESUMO: Adipsia primária é uma rara condição em que há falha no limiar de ativação dos osmoreceptores hipotalâmicos, levando ao desequilíbrio da osmolalidade
Few reports show no structural abnormalities in the central nervous system (CRAWFORD et al 1984, KANG et al 2007)
The absence of thirst occurs due to a malfunction in the hypothalamic receptors, which are unable to detect an increase in plasma osmolality and generate stimuli that signal the need for water intake, generating adipsia

Summary

Adipsia primária e hipernatremia severa em um cão Pit Bull

RESUMO: Adipsia primária é uma rara condição em que há falha no limiar de ativação dos osmoreceptores hipotalâmicos, levando ao desequilíbrio da osmolalidade. Few reports show no structural abnormalities in the central nervous system (CRAWFORD et al 1984, KANG et al 2007) In these cases, the absence of thirst occurs due to a malfunction in the hypothalamic receptors, which are unable to detect an increase in plasma osmolality and generate stimuli that signal the need for water intake, generating adipsia. Based on the dog’s clinical improvement, the owner was instructed to add 250 mL of water to the food daily, since the animal was eating normally despite the lack of interest in spontaneous water intake and an intense resistance to forced oral administration. Total remission of neurological signs and normalization of plasma sodium, chlorine, and osmolality levels (Table 1, day 7) occurred 6 days after the initiation of oral water therapy, despite persistent isostenuria. The diagnosis of primary adipsia was based on the history of non-ingestion of water, associated

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