Abstract
Rural households across the tropics rely on bushmeat hunting to fulfil their subsistence and cash income needs. As human populations grow, and urban market demand drives commercial trade, hunting is often unsustainable, compromising community long-term food security and wildlife conservation objectives. Scarce information about the effectiveness of different intervention options hampers design of informed management strategies to reduce bushmeat hunting while simultaneously safeguarding community’s food security. Here we examine the potential of interventions aimed at reducing bushmeat demand by evaluating the own- and cross-price elasticities, i.e. how consumers respond to changes in the price of bushmeat and the price of five substitutes – beef, chicken, lamb, goatmeat and fish. We conducted stated preference surveys, complemented by a socio-economic survey using the Poverty Environment Network protocol in 452 households in 21 villages in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem in Tanzania. Using random intercept Poisson regression models, we find significant and elastic negative own-price elasticities of bushmeat demand and significant positive cross-price elasticities except for goat and fish. The significant (all at the 0.01 level) own-price elasticities ranges from -1.099 when bushmeat is paired with beef to -0.718 when bushmeat is paired with fish while the significant cross-price elasticities ranges from 0.128 when bushmeat is paired with beef to 0.590 when bushmeat is paired with lamb suggesting that most cross-price relations were highly inelastic. Variation between districts was considerable and depended on substitutes included in the model. Estimated elasticities were modified by socio-economic covariates including ethnicity, household size, household income, household Tropical Livestock Units ownership, household land ownership and distance to nearest protected area boundary, Lake Victoria and nearest road. Overall, we find mixed support for the hypothesis that interventions the price of bushmeat and decreasing that of its substitutes will reduce bushmeat demand. The effectiveness of demand reducing interventions should increase if complemented by other policy interventions, e.g., interventions that increase the opportunity cost of hunting, by providing alternative income generation opportunities for hunters.
Highlights
Rural households across the tropics and sub-tropics rely on bushmeat hunting for subsistence and to generate cash income (Nielsen et al, 2017, 2018)
The own-price elasticities represented by the average marginal effects for the statistically significant coefficients range from −1.099, when bushmeat is paired with beef, to −0.718 when bushmeat is paired with fish
By including the Loliondo Game Controlled Area (LGCA) and Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) and other districts not considered in previous elasticity studies (Rentsch and Damon, 2013; Moro et al, 2015) our results provide new insights to the design of policies aiming to reduce bushmeat demand through interventions manipulating prices by enabling optimization of design to the population’s preferences in each district adjacent to the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem (GSE)
Summary
Rural households across the tropics and sub-tropics rely on bushmeat hunting for subsistence and to generate cash income (Nielsen et al, 2017, 2018). Bushmeat hunting is in many locations unsustainable (Dirzo et al, 2014; Ripple et al, 2016a; Benítez-López et al, 2017). Technological advancement of hunting equipment and improved access to transport is driving a commercial bushmeat trade supplying urban centers of demand (Bennett and Robinson, 1999; Cawthorn and Hoffman, 2015). The resulting depletion of wildlife populations threatens both local food security and biodiversity conservation across the tropics (Harrison, 2011; Lindsey et al, 2013; Cawthorn and Hoffman, 2015; Ripple et al, 2016b). Appropriate interventions are necessary to reduce illegal bushmeat hunting while safeguarding rural communities food security
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