Abstract
IntroductionIt has been well documented that the pineal hormone, melatonin, which plays a major role in the control of reproduction in mammals, also plays a role in the incidence and growth of breast and mammary cancer. The curative effect of melatonin on the growth of dimethylbenz [a]anthracene-induced (DMBA-induced) mammary adenocarcinoma (ADK) has been previously well documented in the female Sprague–Dawley rat. However, the preventive effect of melatonin in limiting the frequency of cancer initiation has not been well documented.MethodsThe aim of this study was to compare the potency of melatonin to limit the frequency of mammary cancer initiation with its potency to inhibit tumor progression once initiation, at 55 days of age, was achieved. The present study compared the effect of preventive treatment with melatonin (10 mg/kg daily) administered for only 15 days before the administration of DMBA with the effect of long-term (6-month) curative treatment with the same dose of melatonin starting the day after DMBA administration. The rats were followed up for a year after the administration of the DMBA.ResultsThe results clearly showed almost identical preventive and curative effects of melatonin on the growth of DMBA-induced mammary ADK. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the inhibitory effects of melatonin. However, the mechanisms responsible for its strong preventive effect are still a matter of debate. At least, it can be envisaged that the artificial amplification of the intensity of the circadian rhythm of melatonin could markedly reduce the DNA damage provoked by DMBA and therefore the frequency of cancer initiation.ConclusionIn view of the present results, obtained in the female Sprague–Dawley rat, it can be envisaged that the long-term inhibition of mammary ADK promotion by a brief, preventive treatment with melatonin could also reduce the risk of breast cancer induced in women by unidentified environmental factors.
Highlights
It has been well documented that the pineal hormone, melatonin, which plays a major role in the control of reproduction in mammals, plays a role in the incidence and growth of breast and mammary cancer
Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the inhibitory effects of melatonin
It can be envisaged that the artificial amplification of the intensity of the circadian rhythm of melatonin could markedly reduce the DNA damage provoked by dimethylbenz [a]anthracene (DMBA) and the frequency of cancer initiation
Summary
It has been well documented that the pineal hormone, melatonin, which plays a major role in the control of reproduction in mammals, plays a role in the incidence and growth of breast and mammary cancer. The curative effect of melatonin on the growth of dimethylbenz [a]anthracene-induced (DMBA-induced) mammary adenocarcinoma (ADK) has been previously well documented in the female Sprague–Dawley rat. The role of the pineal gland, the major source of melatonin, in the development of breast [3] and mammary [4,5] cancer has been clearly documented. 17β-estradiol treatment of pineal glands in an in vitro perifusion system leads to complete blunting of the isoproterenol-induced stimulation of melatonin secretion in 7,12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracenetreated (DMBA-treated) female Sprague–Dawley rats [16].
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