Abstract
Newcastle disease (N.D.) and infectious bronchitis (I.B.) drinking water type vaccines secured at the time of actual field application all had adequate viable virus to produce an immune response. I.B. vaccine having only 0.7 logs (E.I.D.50) titer at the final drinking water concentration stimulated an immune response in 4-week old chickens. Titer of both N.D. and I.B. vaccines from manufacturing source A average approximately 1.0 logs higher than vaccines from source B.N.D. and I.B. test virus suspensions were prepared in phosphate buffered saline (P.B.S.), distilled water and filtered tap water. I.B. virus titers were markedly reduced when held at room temperature. The greatest reduction was from filtered tap water, both at room temperature and when held in an ice water bath. N.D. virus filtered tap water at room temperature was also markedly reduced. The addition of powdered skim milk (P.S.M.) at 1:400 concentration overcame the adverse effects of both temperature and diluent resulting in titers which were higher than the control tests using P.B.S. and an ice water bath.As little as 1 p.p.m. of chlorine or quaternary ammonium sanitizers greatly reduced the titer of N.D. test virus. The addition of 1:400 concentration of P.S.M. neutralized the adverse effects of up to 5 p.p.m. chlorine or 15 p.p.m. quaternary ammonium. When N.D., I.B. and A.E. viruses were prepared in concentrations to approximate those used in drinking water vaccination, they were inactivated by 1 p.p.m. of either chlorine or quaternary ammonium sanitizers. The addition of P.S.M. neutralized the effect of the sanitizers.Virus neutralization tests on serums from 34 field flocks vaccinated against N.D. and I.B. without P.S.M. in the drinking water showed that 32% had not responded to the N.D. vaccine and 44% were still susceptible to I.B. When P.S.M. was used, tests on 42 flocks showed that all had given an immune response to the N.D. vaccine and only 2 (4.8%) had failed to respond to the I.B. vaccine. Results indicated the value of P.S.M. in drinking water vaccination of chickens.
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