Abstract
Arterial vascular calcification (VC) represents formation of calcium phosphate deposits on the interior of arteries, which could restrict blood flow leading to heart health problems, including morbidity and mortality. VC is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to bone-like cells and subsequent deposition of calcium as hydroxyapatite. Natural bioactives, including quercetin (Q), curcumin (C), resveratrol (R), and magnesium (Mg), have been reported to inhibit VC. Thus, we conducted an in vitro study using rat vascular smooth muscle cells (rVSMCs) to evaluate the protective effect of natural bioactives found in OptiCel, that is, Mg combined with polyphenols (PPs), Q, C, and R. Calcification was induced by culturing rVSMCs in a high phosphate (HP) medium. The addition of Mg and Q + C + R separately decreased the HP-induced calcium deposition by 37.55% and 42.78%, respectively. In contrast, when Mg was combined with Q, C, and R, the inhibition of calcium deposition was decreased by 92.88%, which is greater than their calculated additive inhibition (80.33%). These results demonstrate that the combination of Mg with selected PPs (Q, C, and R) is more effective than when used separately. The findings also suggest the combination has a synergistic effect in inhibiting VC, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Thus, regular consumption of these natural bioactives could have a beneficial effect in reducing the development of heart diseases.
Highlights
Despite numerous medications and intervention procedures, cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality
There are no reported studies on the effect of Mg combined with selected PPs (Q, C, and R) on Vascular calcification (VC). us, the objective of our study is to evaluate the effect of Mg and in combination with C, Q, and R on VC in rVSMCs, that is, bioactives currently used in OptiCel Heart Health dietary supplement
In the control group (CL), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultured in a medium containing 0.9 mM phosphate and 0.8 mM magnesium
Summary
Despite numerous medications and intervention procedures, cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. E primary cause of heart disease is the hardening of the artery, which is known as atherosclerosis [3, 4] Under this condition, fat and calcium build up in the wall of the arteries and form a hard structure called plaque [3]. Vascular calcification (VC) in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which is characterized by the deposition of calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite, is recognized as one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of heart diseases [3,4,5,6]. E development of VC has been shown to be a tightly regulated metabolic process [5, 6] It involves the differentiation of normal contractile phenotype VSMCs to osteogenic/bone-like cells and deposition of calcium as hydroxyapatite [5, 6]. Multiple triggers are involved in the development of VC. is includes oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, hyperphosphatemia, kidney disease, dyslipidemia, high calcium, and high vitamin D [5, 6]. ese triggers induce VC by upregulating the expression of various transcription factors, signaling pathways, and growth factors, which promote differentiation of VSMCs to bone-like cells and subsequent deposition of calcification as hydroxyapatite [5,6,7,8,9]
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