Abstract
Re-hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (HF) carries a high risk for early mortality and impaired quality of life. In Japanese patients who were hospitalized for acute HF, 1-year all-cause mortality was 17.0%, while all-cause mortality and re-hospitalization for HF at 1 year were 31.9% [ [1] Kajimoto K. Sato N. Takano T. Association of age and baseline systolic blood pressure with outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndromes. Int. J. Cardiol. 2015; 191: 100-106 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar ]. Post-discharge outcomes are particularly poor in older HF patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [ [2] Komajda M. Hanon O. Hochadel M. et al. Contemporary management of octogenarians hospitalized for heart failure in Europe: Euro Heart Failure Survey II. Eur. Heart J. 2009; 30: 478-486 Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar ]. Despite the well-understood importance of medical therapy in HF, β-blockers and renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockers cannot be used sometimes in older patients because of poor tolerance.
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