Prevention of Phytotoxic Effects of Regenerative In Situ Electrochemical Hypochlorination in Recirculating Hydroponic Systems

Abstract

Recirculating nutrient solutions were treated using dimensionally stable anode (DSA)-based regenerative in situ electrochemical hypochlorination (RisEHc) in a deep water culture hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production system. Phytotoxic effects were noted and attributed to the formation of chloramines in treated nutrient solutions containing ammonium. The presence of chloramines resulted in a decrease in overhead biomass by 53% using 2.27 mA/cm2 and 83% with 4.55 mA/cm2. Adding ultraviolet light as a tertiary treatment stage allowed the photodecomposition of chloramines, which prevented phytotoxicity in crops and caused no significant differences in growth between treatments. Furthermore, using a nitrate-based fertilizer also served to prevent phytotoxic effects in crops and showed no significant differences in growth between the control and 4.55 mA/cm2. In addition, it was found that the electrochemical flow cell (EFC) treatment resulted in a 13% increase in shoot biomass using 2.27 mA/cm2. The study demonstrated that phytotoxic effects can be prevented with the use of regenerative in situ hypochlorination through proper management and monitoring techniques in recirculating hydroponic systems.