Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when the body is exposed to a drug or toxin. Natural sources of antioxidants may serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of an effective therapy to combat a variety of kidney problems. Natural antioxidants have a variety of biochemical actions such as inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, scavenging of free radicals. The present review aims to summarize the recent articles which studied some of the nephrotoxic agents, and alleviation of nephrotoxicity using of some natural products possessing antioxidant properties. Our review shows the oxidative damage and renal disorders induced in human and experimental animals by nephrotoxic agents such as gentamicin, alcohol, nicotine, adenine, glycerol, ethylene glycol, sodium nitrite, mercuric chloride, AlCl3, lead acetate, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), furosemide, carbendazim, diazinon, heat stress, and γ-radiation. Also, nephrotic disorders caused in diabetic rats, patients, cirrhotic ascetic patients, and ischemia-reperfusion. Administration of natural sources of antioxidants such as curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame attenuated both physiological and histopathological alterations induced in the kidney by the nephrotoxic agent and certain diseases. The nephroprotective effect of the former natural sources of antioxidants may be due to the enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue lipid peroxidation. It can be concluded that administration of curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame showed a remarkable kidney protection against nephrotoxic agents, and diseases induced renal dysfunctions in human and experimental animals. So, the present study recommended that the consumption of these natural sources of antioxidants may be useful for human exposure to nephrotoxic agents and patients who suffer from renal diseases.
Highlights
The kidney is an organ that possesses several biological roles, of which the most important is the homeostatic balance of body fluids by cleaning and secreting metabolites like urea, uric acid, creatinine, and minerals from the blood and excreting the nitrogenous wastes along with water, as urine [1] [2]
Administration of natural sources of antioxidants such as curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame attenuated both physiological and histopathological alterations induced in the kidney by the nephrotoxic agent and certain diseases
It can be concluded that administration of curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame showed a remarkable kidney protection against nephrotoxic agents, and diseases induced renal dysfunctions in human and experimental animals
Summary
The kidney is an organ that possesses several biological roles, of which the most important is the homeostatic balance of body fluids by cleaning and secreting metabolites like urea, uric acid, creatinine, and minerals from the blood and excreting the nitrogenous wastes along with water, as urine [1] [2]. Shalaby and Hammoda, [102] found that rats pre-treated orally with parsley extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 6 weeks and intoxicated with gentamicin (80 mg/kg) during last 10 days of the experiment showed that a significant decreases in serum urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase enzyme, sodium and potassium levels and renal malondialdehyde (MDA), but increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Authors concluded that oral pre-treatment with parsley in gentamicin-nephrotoxic rats caused nephroprotective, diuretic and antioxidant effects as they reversed serum biochemical parameters and mitigated histopathological alterations in kidney induced by gentamicin in rats. These results affirm the traditional use of parsley for the prevention of kidney diseases [102]. These studies have demonstrated that levels of NO are decreased in glycerol-induced renal failure and different agents have shown to produce renoprotection by increasing the NO production [120]
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