Prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in mice by Tragopogon dubius green-mediated silver/palladium nanoparticles and its potential mechanisms

Abstract

The green synthesis of bi-metallic nanoparticles has achieved great attraction due to the wide variety of their applications especially in medicinal fields. Silver/palladium NPs are a noble metallic of this class of compounds. In this study, Ag/Pd NPs were green synthesized in aqueous media in the presence of Tragopogon dubius extract. The NPs were characterized by techniques of FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX. Ag/Pd@ Tragopogon dubius was formed in the spherical morphology with an average crystal size of 31.77 nm. For the FT-IR spectrum of Ag/Pd@ Tragopogon dubius the peaks at 482, 504, 567, and 637 1/cm correlate to silver/palladium- oxygen bonds. The signals at 2theta values of 38.15, 44.25, 64.22, and 76.40 are indexed to the planes of (111), (200), (220), and (311) in XRD. The particle size of Ag/Pd@ Tragopogon dubius is ranged up to 55 nm. According to the EDX result, the presence of silver and palladium is approved by the four signals around 3 Kev. The signals belong to Pd Lα, Ag Lα, Pd Lβ, and Ag Lβ. The Signals at 0.3 and 0.53 Kev are related to oxygen and carbon. In the in vivo design, mice treated by Ag/Pd@ Tragopogon dubius nanoparticles, then the acue kidney injury was induced by lipopolysaccharide. On 10th day, all animals were anesthesized and blood and kidney were separated. The blood serum gained for determining the BUN and creatinine and left kidneys were frozen for cellular and molecular studies and half of right kidneys were stained through H & E and PAS and another half was sent for IHC staining. According to the results, KIM-1 and NGAL were expressed at very high levels in the untreated group and a significant decrease was seen at the control group; but, administration of 10 and 40 µg/kg Ag/Pd@Tragopogon dubius nanoparticles significantly decreased KIM-1 and NGAL expression. Ag/Pd@Tragopogon dubius nanoparticles treatment significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species generation. Serum creatinine and BUN levels, which are renal function biomarkers, were significantly decreased in Ag/Pd@Tragopogon dubius nanoparticles treatment. Tubular cell necrosis and renal tubular vacuolation were seen in lipopolysaccharide-injected mice, and the Ag/Pd@Tragopogon dubius nanoparticles administration attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced structural injury.