Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) were investigated to prevent the outbreak of HAB in both freshwater and seawater. Parameters inducing HAB were volcanic eruption, sunlight, aeolian dust, environmental factors (current, pH, dissolved oxygen, food web, turbulence, growth phase), enzyme, iron, nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, minerals) while the critical growth parameter for the outbreak of HAB was iron (Fe). HAB development was halted in freshwater and seawater due to the sulfur compounds (H2S, sulfates) inducing the deficiency of the dissolved Fe in the water. The atomic ratio of N/P is commonly known to be 16/1 in freshwater and 176/1 in seawater for HAB. Therefore, nitrogen can be a relatively limiting factor in seawater while phosphorus in freshwater. HAB could be prevented by control of growth parameters such as pH, temperature, sunlight, turbulence, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur compounds prior to reaching the early exponential phase of algal growth.
Highlights
Harmful algae have been the subjects of scientific and societal interest for centuries
The present study examined the prevention of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) by control of growth parameters including the iron (Fe) in global aeolian dust and water as the key initiator for HAB while sulfur compounds (S) (H2S, sulfates) induced Fe deficiency in the water due to a chemical reaction as sedimentary insoluble FeS/FeS2 for prevention of HAB
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) were initiated by the iron (Fe) from volcanic ash, river, bottom sediment, and desert dust to be converted as Fe(2a+q)
Summary
Harmful algae have been the subjects of scientific and societal interest for centuries. There are harmful algal blooms (HAB) in both freshwater and seawater This is because blooms of toxic dinoflagellates, which are known as “red tides”, cause a variety of deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. These include negative aesthetic effects such as beach fouling, oxygen deficiency, clogging of fish gills, or poisoning of various organisms [1], as observed recently in Florida [2]. It was observed that the concentration of chlorophyll-a reached the peak value after Fe supply via Asian dust with a lag time of about 11 days. The cumulative concentration of Fe in the Asian dust was determined each year by the integration between weekly time intervals defined as below. Freshwater and seawater so long as the weekly distribution of Fe concentration in the desert dust was available in advance
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