Abstract
We evaluated 49 swine industry workers and 79 nonexposed controls for antibodies to swine influenza viruses. Multivariate modeling showed that workers who seldom used gloves (odds ratio [OR] 30.3) or who smoked (OR 18.7) most frequently had evidence of previous H1N1 swine virus. These findings may be valuable in planning for pandemic influenza.
Highlights
In the United States, influenza viruses are estimated to cause 36,000 human deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations annually (1-5)
Serum samples were studied by using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay against 2 recently circulating swine strains, A/Swine/WI/238/97 (H1N1) and A/Swine/WI/R33F/01 (H1N2), and 1 human influenza virus strain, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)
Cross-reaction with 1 of the viruses in the 2003–04 vaccine or a circulating influenza virus may explain this occurrence, higher titers would have been expected for all vaccinated persons, but such higher titers were not observed (Figure). We suggest that this result represents other behavior or health-related confounders not identified in the questionnaire for this study
Summary
In the United States, influenza viruses are estimated to cause 36,000 human deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations annually (1-5). Persons were eligible to participate in the study if they had worked in a swine confinement facility in the past 12 months. The questionnaire captured demographic, medical, and occupational data including influenza immunization history, swine occupational exposures, and use of protective equipment (gloves and masks). Serum samples were studied by using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay against 2 recently circulating swine strains, A/Swine/WI/238/97 (H1N1) and A/Swine/WI/R33F/01 (H1N2), and 1 human influenza virus strain, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1).
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