Abstract
Results A total of 264 obese and 133 normal BMI women (controls) of age range 20-50 years were selected. Obese women had significantly lower vitamin D compared to control women (P < 0.05). Among euglycemic (fasting glucose < 100 mg/dl) obese women (n = 221), 90 (40.7%) were vitamin D deficient. Serum PTH and calcium levels were negatively correlated, though nonsignificantly with vitamin D (r = −0.172, P = 0.090, and r = −0.051, P = 0.557, respectively). The mean age, BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, PTH, and calcium were not significantly different in vitamin D-deficient as compared to nondeficient obese women. IR was detected in 109 (49.3%) obese women. Mean HOMA-IR in vitamin D-deficient women was significantly higher than that in the nondeficient obese women (3.03 ± 1.64 vs. 2.40 ± 1.02; P = 0.041), but the percentage of women with IR was comparable in both groups (51.1% vs. 45.8%; P = 0.745). Univariate analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with vitamin D and positively with BMI and PTH. A multivariate regression analysis, stepwise method revealed that BMI and PTH were independent determinants of HOMA-IR instead of vitamin D. Conclusion More than 40% of obese women were vitamin D deficient. Among euglycemic obese women, 49% were insulin resistant. Prevalence of insulin resistance, though negatively correlated with vitamin D, could be better explained by BMI and PTH levels.
Highlights
Obesity is associated with a number of noncommunicable chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, chronic kidney disease, and asthma [1]
Inflammation of adipose tissue is associated with disrupted metabolic homeostasis, insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes [2]
Vitamin D deficiency increased the mean level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) compared to nonobese women
Summary
Obesity is associated with a number of noncommunicable chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, chronic kidney disease, and asthma [1]. Inflammation of adipose tissue is associated with disrupted metabolic homeostasis, insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes [2]. Several studies have reported a BioMed Research International significant association between high circulating levels of 25(OH)D and lower incidence of type 2 diabetes [7, 8]. Vitamin D deficiency and increased concentration of PTH [11] as well as calcium [12] are implicated in the augmented risk of diabetes. Insulin resistance (IR), detected by Matthews’ method (1985), was considered in women with HOMA − IR ≥ 2:5. The mean age, BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, PTH, and calcium were not significantly different in vitamin D-deficient as compared to nondeficient obese women. Prevalence of insulin resistance, though negatively correlated with vitamin D, could be better explained by BMI and PTH levels
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