Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to cause several gastroduodenal diseases including chronic Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer disease and Gastric Cancer. Virulent genes of H. pylori like cagA, vacA are known to be responsible for the disease pathogenesis. However, these virulence genes are not always found to be associated with disease outcome in all populations around the world. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inducing protein tipα is a newly discovered virulence gene of H. pylori and is an inducer of certain cytokines and chemokines that are responsible for causing stomach cancer. Therefore, we conducted a study, which aims to find the prevalence of tipα gene in the Indian patients with gastroduodenal symptoms, and its association with H. pylori related gastroduodenal diseases. 267 clinical H. pylori isolates are included in our study for finding the prevalence of tipα gene and its association with cagA and vacA gene using PCR assay. The current study shows that the prevalence rate of tipα gene is 59.9%. Our study has found a significant association (p < 0.05) of tipα gene with Non Ulcer Dyspepsia (NUD) and an association of cagA and vacAs1m1 with Gastritis and Duodenal Ulcer. Our study demonstrates for the first time the presence of tipα as virulence factor of H. pylori strain in Indian population isolated from patients suffering from gastroduodenal diseases. Further, tipα is significantly associated with NUD but not with other gastroduodenal diseases in India.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to cause several gastro-duodenal diseases including chronic Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer disease and Gastric Cancer
The H. pylori isolates included in the study were of various gastrointestinal diseases which are Gastritis (n = 80), Duodenal Ulcer (DU) (n = 77), Non Ulcer Dyspepsia (NUD) (n = 51), Gastric Ulcer (n = 7), Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (n = 32) and Controls (n = 20)
100% (27/27) of the H. pylori strains isolated from East India are tipα positive followed by 90% (9/10) in South India, 75.3% (49/65) in North India and only 45.4% (75/165) in North-East India (Table 1)
Summary
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to cause several gastro-duodenal diseases including chronic Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer disease and Gastric Cancer. Virulent genes of H. pylori like cagA, vacA are known to be responsible for the disease pathogenesis. These virulence genes are not always found to be associated with disease outcome in all populations around the world. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram negative microaerophilic bacterium that chronically colonizes the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world population and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several gastro-duodenal diseases such as chronic Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and Gastric Cancer [1]. Role of various virulence factors of H. pylori, such as cytotoxin-associated gene Pathogenicity Island (cag PAI), cagA, vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), and urease have been studied extensively in gastro-duodenal diseases in India and other parts of the world [4,5,6]. There is a need to identify other virulent factors which may be responsible for disease causation
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