Prevalence of resistant hypertension and associated factors in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

ObjectiveThe prevalence of treatment resistant hypertension (RH) depends on methods used for blood pressure (BP) measurements, goals of BP, and therapeutic efforts in terms of medication and adherence. We focused on diabetic subjects and explored the prevalence of RH in primary care practice. MethodsIn 1737 subjects with type 2 diabetes who continued regular visits, office BP was evaluated by multiple measurements over one year. RH was defined as using more than four antihypertensive drugs or failure to achieve the goal with three antihypertensive drugs from different classes. The RH prevalence was investigated with BP goals <130/80 and 140/90mmHg. ResultsThe percentage of subjects who achieved BP goals <130/80 and 140/90 were 70.5% and 93.8% with adherence to medication ≥95%, and the corresponding prevalence rates of RH in treated subjects were 28.4% and 21.8%, respectively. Factors independently associated with RH were age (odds ratio 1.02 [95% CI 1.01–1.04]), body mass index (1.10 [1.06–1.13]), variability in systolic BP (1.06 [1.02–1.09]), triglycerides (2.86 [1.34–6.11]), macroalbuminuria (3.33 [2.03–5.48]), estimated glomerular filtration rate (0.98 [0.97–0.99]), retinopathy (1.91 [1.39–2.61]), and family history of hypertension (1.85 [1.23–2.21]). Worsening albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate enhanced the prevalence of RH in a graded manner. ConclusionCareful estimation of office BP values over one year with a high achievement of BP goals and adequate adherence revealed that the prevalence of RH in type 2 diabetes is high. RH was characterized by accumulation of cardiovascular genetic and environmental risks.