Abstract
BackgroundTo estimate the prevalence of obesity in Panama and determine some risk factors and associated diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the provinces of Panama and Colon where 60.4 % of all Panamanians 18 years or older reside, by administering a survey regarding the consumption of protective and predisposing foods and assessing the development of obesity by measuring the weight, height, and waist circumference of 3590 people. A single-stage, probabilistic, and randomized sampling strategy employing multivariate stratification was used. Individuals with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (men and women) were considered obese. Prevalence and descriptive analysis were conducted according to sex using Odds Ratio, with statistical significance set at a p value ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe general prevalence of obesity was 27.1 % (30.9 % women and 18.3 % men). In women, obesity was associated with living in urban areas, being 40–59 years of age, being Afro-Panamanian, consuming beverages / foods rich in sugar, being physically inactive and having a family history of obesity. In men, obesity was associated with living in urban areas, consuming beverages/foods rich in sugar, and having a family history of obesity. Almost the totality of obese women (97.9 %), and 80.0 % of men with obesity had abdominal obesity according to the WHO classification. In both sexes, obesity was a risk factor associated to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, LDL values ≥ 100 mg/dL, and low HDL values (<50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men), Odds Ratio > 1.0; P < 0.05.ConclusionsObesity represents a very serious threat to Panamanian public health. Our study confirms a direct association in Panama between excess weight, hypertension, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, LDL values ≥ 100 mg/dL and low HDL values for women and men (<50 mg/dL and < 40 mg/dL, respectively). Intervention / treatment programs should be targeted, specially, to Afro-Panamanian women, whom are 40–59 years old, living in urban areas, and those having a family history of obesity.
Highlights
To estimate the prevalence of obesity in Panama and determine some risk factors and associated diseases in adults aged 18 years and older
Study design and area The data used for this article was obtained from database of the first Panamanian Survey on Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease (PREFREC, by its acronym in Spanish)
Obesity in whole sample The prevalence of obesity was 27.1 % (CI 25.5–28.5) and was significantly associated with the following sociodemographic and biological variables: being female, people living in urban areas, among individuals between 30 and years old, in Afro-Panamanians, in individuals who consumed beverages/foods rich in sugars, in those who engaged less than min of physical activity per week, and in those with a family history of obesity, P < 0.05 - Table 1
Summary
To estimate the prevalence of obesity in Panama and determine some risk factors and associated diseases in adults aged 18 years and older. Obesity is a global public health problem that, according to global indicators, has been increasing in both industrialized and underdeveloped countries [1,2,3] to the extent that the World Health Organization (WHO) identified it as a worldwide epidemic [4]. Overweight/obesity is one of the highest causes of premature and avoidable deaths, second only to tobacco [5, 7, 8]. 2.8,000 000 individuals die each year as a result of complications of being overweight or obese. In the last 10 years, diseases related to obesity, remain in the top ten causes of avoidable deaths in Panama [9].
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