Abstract
Background: Hyperglycemia is an important risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy. In the initial stages ie micro albuminuria the DKD is clinically detectable and can even be reversed. Hence early screening of diabetic patients is important. Hence the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of nephropathy in a cross section of diabetic patients.
 Objectives: The Aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of nephropathy in recently detected diabetic patients by evaluating microalbuminuria, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance.
 Methods: A total of 120 patients above 18 years were included in the study and were divided into three groups according to age and were further divided into three groups as per the duration of diseases Patients were again divided into two groups according to the gender. The GFR was calculated as per the MDRD formula and the patients were divided further as per the stage of CKD. Serum Creatinine levels were calculated and the variables associated with CKD were adjusted by Logistic Regression.
 Results: Our results suggests that 41.25% of subjects were in mild to severe nephropathy out of which 16.25 % were within the three years of diagnosis, thus suggesting the role of early and routine investigation in diabetic patients.
 Conclusion: Hence the role of life style is clearly emphasized by our results. Although when the variables were adjusted with the logistic regression the occupation was not that significant.
 Keywords: Albuminuria, Diabetes mellitus (DM), Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD), Diabetic nephropathy (DN), Serum Creatinine.
Highlights
Animal models of filariasis have been used widely for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease, protective immunity and for screening potential antifilarial drugs
Since filarial infections are chronic, many research studies have focused on the T and B cell adaptive immune response[11] T helper (Th) cells from the majority of T lymphocyte responses and following activation differentiate into effector Th1 and Th2 which are associated with the development of type-2 cytokines immune response and impairment of type-1 cytokine production[11,12]
Necropsies results of slaughtered cattle revealed that the prevalence of S. digitata infection was 33.76%
Summary
Animal models of filariasis have been used widely for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease, protective immunity and for screening potential antifilarial drugs. A high incidence of infection is recorded by several surveys all over the world including India The incidence of this filarial nematode is revealed in both the definitive (cattle) and the intermediate (mosquitoes) hosts[7]. Setaria digitata is a filarial parasite that exists in peritoneal cavity of cattle. This study aims to evaluate cytokine mediators like Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in spontaneously S. digitata infected and non-infected cattle, with emphasis on choosing the best antigen that could be used in diagnosis of such filarial infection. Two S. digitata antigens: Crude Somatic Antigen (CSS) and Excretory Secretory antigen (ESS) of S. digitata were prepared They were evaluated in diagnosis of the infection using indirect ELISA and electrophoretically characterized through sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting technique.
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