Abstract
ABSTRACT Background The majority of existing studies aimed at investigating the incidence and prevalence of multidrug-resistance by bacteria have been performed in healthcare settings. Relatively few studies have been conducted in community settings, but these have consistently shown a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Objectives To provide an appraisal of the evidence on the high prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug-, and pandrug-resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from human sources in community settings in LMICs. Methods Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched with the search string: ‘Enterobacteriaceae’, OR ‘E. coli’, OR ‘Escherichia coli’, AND ‘antibiotic resistance’, OR ‘antimicrobial resistance’, OR ‘drug-resistance’, AND ‘prevalence’, OR ‘incidence’, OR ‘morbidity’, OR ‘odds ratio’, OR ‘risk ratio’, OR ‘confidence interval’, OR ‘p-value’, OR ‘rate’. Data were extracted and proportional meta-analysis was performed using the Freeman–Tukey transformation random effect model. Results The prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug- and pandrug-resistance were extracted from articles that met our inclusion criteria and pooled together after a systematic screening of 9,369 items. The prevalence of multidrug-resistance was 28% of 14,336 total cases of isolates tested, 95% CI: 23–32. Extensive drug-resistance was 24% of 8,686 total cases of isolates tested, 95% CI: 14–36. Lastly, pandrug-resistance was 5% of 5,670 total cases of isolates tested, 95% CI: 3–8. Conclusion This paper provides an appraisal of the evidence on the high prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug- and pandrug-resistance by commensal E. coli in community settings in LMICs. Our results call for greater effort to be placed at the community level in the design of new and improved public health policies to counter the global threat of antibiotic-resistant infections and bacteria.
Highlights
The majority of existing studies aimed at investigating the incidence and pre valence of multidrug-resistance by bacteria have been performed in healthcare settings
This paper aimed to provide an appraisal on the evidence of a high prevalence of multi drug, extensive drug, and pandrug-resistant commen sal E. coli isolated from healthy humans in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) community settings
The studies considered for review were cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, and randomized control trials whose primary outcome was the prevalence of multidrug resistance in commensal E. coli
Summary
The majority of existing studies aimed at investigating the incidence and pre valence of multidrug-resistance by bacteria have been performed in healthcare settings. Few studies have been conducted in community settings, but these have consistently shown a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Conclusion: This paper provides an appraisal of the evidence on the high prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug- and pandrug-resistance by commensal E. coli in community settings in LMICs. Our results call for greater effort to be placed at the community level in the design of new and improved public health policies to counter the global threat of antibiotic-resistant infections and bacteria. Stringent policies to limit antibiotic prescribing have been extensively employed to contain the spread of resistant bacteria [10] This has not been the case in LMICs, especially at the com munity level, where antibiotics can be purchase from community pharmacists without a doctor’s prescrip tion. Antibiotic use has been associated with the car riage of resistant commensal E. coli in healthy children in community settings worldwide [11]
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