Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Shrines.

Charu Arjyal,Shreya Neupane,Jyoti Kc

doi:10.1155/2020/7981648

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in human beings and animals is concerning; it stands out as one of the leading agents causing nosocomial and community infections. Also, marginally increasing drug resistance in MRSA has limited therapeutic options. This study focuses on estimating the prevalence of MRSA in shrines, a place where human and animal interaction is frequent, sharing antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic-resistant genes, and diseases. A total of 120 environmental swabs were collected from targeted areas during the study period, March 2018 to May 2018. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by growth on mannitol salt agar (MSA), and MRSA by growth on mannitol salt agar containing 4 μg Oxacillin, Gram staining, and conventional biochemical test. Isolates of S. aureus were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) proportion were 19% and 81%, respectively; a high rate of MRSA was observed in isolates from Thapathali (28.6%). MSSA isolates showed a high rate of resistance to erythromycin (64.7%). MRSA isolates were resistant to gentamicin (50%), cotrimoxazole (25%), erythromycin (50%), and ciprofloxacin (25%). The isolates were susceptible to linezolid (100%), clindamycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (75%), erythromycin (50%), tetracycline (100%), and cotrimoxazole (75%). Intermediate resistance was also found in gentamicin (50%). Of the 11 MSSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive, 6 (54.5%) showed the inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) pattern and 2 MRSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive showed ICR pattern. Fifteen MSSA isolates were β-lactamase positive, whereas only two MRSA isolates showed β-lactamase production. There exists a minimal research work on infectious diseases that are shared between primates and animals. This study suggests the pervasiveness of MRSA/MSSA in the shrines, which may be a primary place for pathogen exchange between humans and primates.

Highlights

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been continuously evolving and developing resistance to antibiotics since the medical use of penicillin began in 1942 [1]
Penicillin works by inhibiting penicillin-binding protein (PBP), which is crucial in cell wall synthesis of bacteria. e inhibition of PBP means the bacteria die from osmosis [2]
Bacteria soon began producing penicillinase enzyme, a specific type of ßlactamase, which hydrolyzes the antibiotic and makes it ineffective. is production led to the introduction of semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin called methicillin. e working mechanism of methicillin is similar to that of penicillin with the difference of extra methoxy group that produces an enzyme that reduces the affinity for staphylococcal ß-lactamase [3]

Summary

Introduction

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been continuously evolving and developing resistance to antibiotics since the medical use of penicillin began in 1942 [1]. Bacteria soon began producing penicillinase enzyme, a specific type of ßlactamase, which hydrolyzes the antibiotic and makes it ineffective. Is production led to the introduction of semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin called methicillin. E working mechanism of methicillin is similar to that of penicillin with the difference of extra methoxy group that produces an enzyme that reduces the affinity for staphylococcal ß-lactamase [3]. Staphylococcus aureus started exhibiting resistance to methicillin treatment. Community-acquired MRSA (CAMRSA) infections are on the rise; the transmission of MRSA from the community beyond acute care hospital environments is receiving more attention [9,10,11]. Outbreaks of CAMRSA have occurred among individuals sharing close contact with others in schools, prisons, and locker rooms

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