Abstract
Overweight and obesity are an increasingly common problem, not only among the healthy population, but also in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Excess body weight is related to many cardiometabolic complications as well as a high risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a concise and critical overview of the prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents with T1DM and, ultimately, to discuss prevention and treatment options. The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. This review shows that, apart from the growing percentage of overweight and obese children and adolescents with T1DM (on average 20.1% and 9.5%, respectively), the problem of the increasing incidence of MetS (range from 3.2 to 29.9%, depending on the criteria used) is one of the most important phenomena of our time. One of the methods of prevention and treatment is a combined approach: changing eating habits and lifestyle, but there are also reports about the beneficial effects of the gut microflora.
Highlights
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease where islet β cells are degraded by the body’s immune system
According to a report by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), T1DM affects over 1.1 million children and adolescents under the age of 20 worldwide [2]
The IDF recommended that the criteria for patients above 16 years old should be similar to those applied to the adult population, but for children and adolescents between 10 and 16 years of age, they should be adjusted for percentile grids
Summary
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease where islet β cells are degraded by the body’s immune system. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a set of multiple factors (physiological, biochemical and metabolic ones) which directly increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These are a complication that should be prevented in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) [5]. The IDF recommended that the criteria for patients above 16 years old should be similar to those applied to the adult population, but for children and adolescents between 10 and 16 years of age, they should be adjusted for percentile grids. In 2009, the American Heart Association published its statement in which it recommended additional identification of cardiometabolic risk but did not specify the exact definition of MetS for the pediatric population [7]
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