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Abstract
ObjectivePulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and progressive pulmonary vascular disease resulting in symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue and leading to death from right heart failure if not adequately treated. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a subgroup of PH characterized by obstruction or occlusion of pulmonary arteries by post-embolic fibrotic material. To date, few studies examined symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with CTEPH, showing depression levels as high as 37.5%. However, none of the former studies used structured expert interviews.MethodsMental disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID). The prevalence of mental disorders in patients with CTEPH were compared to the prevalence in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the general German population. Quality of life (QoL) was measured with World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life questionnaire (short form). Factors associated with QoL were analyzed with linear regression and the diagnostic value of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsHundred and seven patients with CTEPH were included. Almost one-third of the patients (31.8%) had current psychological disorders. Panic disorder (8.4%), specific phobia (8.4%), and major depressive disorder (6.5%) were the most prevalent mental illnesses. The prevalence of panic disorders was higher in CTEPH compared to the German population while major depressive disorder was fewer in CTEPH compared to PAH. The presence of mental disorders had a major impact on QoL. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale discriminated depression and panic disorder reliably.ConclusionMental disorders are common in patients with CTEPH and associated with an impaired QoL. The HADS may be a useful screening tool for panic and depression disorders in patients with CTEPH. Further research on therapeutic strategies targeting mental disorders in patients with CTEPH is needed.
Highlights
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by non-resolving clots following pulmonary embolism resulting in elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) leading to right heart failure and death if not adequately treated [1]
We examined the prevalence of current mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety disorders, in patients with CTEPH compared to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the normal population using structured clinical interviews [16]
Time since diagnoses was shorter in patients with CTEPH
Summary
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by non-resolving clots following pulmonary embolism resulting in elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) leading to right heart failure and death if not adequately treated [1]. It is categorized as World Health Organization (WHO) Group 4 PH and a debilitating disease with exertional dyspnea and impaired exercise tolerance being the leading symptoms. As in other forms of pulmonary hypertension (PH), patients are prone to develop signs of right-sided heart failure, which is the leading cause of death in these patients [2–4]. Patients might be at risk of developing concomitant mental disorders
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