Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious public health problem. A large proportion of patients with T2DM are unaware of their condition. People with undiagnosed T2DM are at a greater risk of developing complications, whereas prediabetes has an elevated risk of becoming T2DM. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), undiagnosed and prior-diagnosed T2DM in Kazakhstan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four geographically remote regions using the WHO STEP survey instrument. The status of T2DM of 4,753 participants was determined using the WHO diagnostic criteria based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level. As a result, the survey-weighted prevalence of IFG was 1.9% (95% CI 1.1%; 3.5%) and of T2DM was 8.0% (95% CI 3.8; 15.9). A total of 54% of T2DM have been newly diagnosed with T2DM. Being 55–64 years old (OR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.12; 6.60) and having lowered HDL-C level (OR = 3.72, 95% CI 1.68; 8.23) were found to be independent predictors for IFG. Being older than 45 years, a female (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.39; 0.83), having high waist circumference, was associated with newly diagnosed T2DM. Whereas, the age older than 45 years, high waist circumference, and family history of diabetes (OR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.64; 3.54) were associated with preexisting T2DM. This study shows a high prevalence of IFG and a high proportion of newly diagnosed T2DM in Kazakhstan. A series of risk factors identified in the study may be used to strengthen appropriate identification of IFG or undiagnosed patients in healthcare settings to deliver either preventive or therapeutic interventions aimed to reduce the incidence of T2DM or the delay of their complications. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations in our population.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious chronic disease, which affects the health and wellbeing of people and puts a tremendous burden on healthcare systems and societies worldwide [1]
Given inconsistent data on the prevalence of T2DM and lack of understanding of distribution of risk factors for T2DM in Kazakhstan population, we aimed to determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), undiagnosed T2DM, and prior-diagnosed T2DM and to determine the independent risk factors associated with these conditions
Every oblast was stratified to major cities, towns, and villages according to the Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WHO, World Health Organization; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycated hemoglobin; LMICs, low- or middle-income countries; NCDs, non-communicable diseases; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AUC, area under the curve
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious chronic disease, which affects the health and wellbeing of people and puts a tremendous burden on healthcare systems and societies worldwide [1]. It is estimated that by 2045, Epidemiology of Diabetes in Kazakhstan the number of people with T2DM could be as high as 700 million (10.9% globally). People with undiagnosed T2DM are at a greater risk of developing complications than patients with previously diagnosed and on treatment [5]. Undiagnosed and not treated people are exposed to high glucose levels for a long duration, which could lead to more severe complications [6,7,8]. People with prediabetes are at a higher risk of becoming T2DM [9]. The proportion of prediabetes, which includes impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance, could reach an epidemic rate of 8.6% worldwide in 2045 where 72% of whom will be from LMICs [1]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
