Abstract
Despite the well-known short-term and long-term ill effects of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents, pooled data on its burden among Indian adolescents have not yet been synthesized. We did a systematic review with meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence of hypertension among adolescents (10-19 years) in India. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and IndMed, and included cross-sectional studies reporting data on hypertension prevalence among 10 to19 years old and published in English language from their inception till 1st March 2020. Modified New castle Ottawa scale was used to assess risk of bias based on research design, recruitment strategy, response rate and reliability of outcome determination. A random effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence, and heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane's Q statistic test of heterogeneity and I2 statistic. To explore the heterogeneity, we did a meta-regression, and sub-group analyses based on region, study setting and number of blood pressure readings. Out of 25 studies (pooled sample of 27,682 participants) six studies were of high, eighteen of moderate, and one was of low quality. The prevalence of hypertension across studies ranged from 2% to 20.5%, with a pooled estimate of 7.6% (95% CI: 6.1 to 9.1%), I2 = 96.6% (p-value <0.001). Sub-group analysis restricted only to the western India demonstrated a smaller heterogeneity (I2 = 18.3%). In univariate model of meta-regression, diagnostic criteria was significantly associated with pooled prevalence (-4.33, 95%CI: -7.532, -1.134). The pooled prevalence of hypertension among adolescent in India is 7.6% with substantial heterogeneity between the studies. To tackle the high prevalence of hypertension among adolescents, early detection by screening under school health programme and opportunistic screening at Paediatric OPD should be implemented by Policy makers.
Highlights
Non communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for 72% of global deaths in 2016 [1]
The prevalence of hypertension across studies ranged from 2% to 20.5%, with a pooled estimate of 7.6%, I2 = 96.6%
Raised blood pressure is a leading risk factor for NCDs [3], which is responsible for 9.2% of DALYs for men and 7.8% (95%confidence interval (CI): 6.9 to 8.7%) of DALYs globally for women in 2015 [4]
Summary
Non communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for 72% of global deaths in 2016 [1]. In developed nations cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are one of the major causes of death [2]. Raised blood pressure is a leading risk factor for NCDs [3], which is responsible for 9.2% (95% CI: 8.3 to 10.2%) of DALYs for men and 7.8% (95%CI: 6.9 to 8.7%) of DALYs globally for women in 2015 [4]. It affects about 1 billion adults and is associated with more than 9 million deaths annually [5]. Meta-analysis on hypertension for children and adolescents in Africa showed a pooled prevalence of 5.5% [4, 10]. Despite the well-known short-term and long-term ill effects of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents, pooled data on its burden among Indian adolescents have not yet been synthesized
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