Abstract
Multidrug resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections and is on the rise. The aim of this investigation was to explore the prevalence of MRSA and heterogeneous Glycopeptide Intermediate Staphylococcus Aureus (hGISA) in various clinical samples, to investigate the various antibiotic resistant determinant genes among these strains collected from north and west Indian hospitals and to evaluate the response of various drugs to these strains. A total of 413 clinical specimens collected from different hospitals were processed for the screening of S. aureus and MRSA. All the MRSA strains were further screened for hGISA on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 8 µg mL-1 teicoplanin or 6 µg mL-1 vancomycin. hGISA confirmed by the E-test method with a dense inoculum and a simplified method of population analysis. Susceptibility study was conducted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) methods. Among 211/413 S. aureus clinical isolates, 61.6% (130/211) of the isolates were confirmed to be MRSA which included maximum isolates from pus, blood, urine, wound swab and ear swab samples in decreasing order. hGISA strains were found in 8/130 (6.1%) isolates. Vancoplus, a novel antibiotic adjuvant entity was found to be susceptible in 96.1 to 97.8% MRSA strains and showed intermediate response in 2.2 to 3.8% of isolates. Linezolid appeared to be second most active antibiotic with 48.0 to 81.2% susceptibility, followed by teicoplanin (41.3 to 56.2% susceptibility). There was 8.7 to 9.6% resistance observed in Linezolid which was increased to 48% in teicoplanin, to >60% in daptomycin and >75% in vancomycin. Interestingly, none of the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefoperazone plus sulbactam. From the above study it can be concluded that prevelance of MRSA has reached a significant level and Vancoplus is the most effective drug in MRSA as well as hGISA organisms in comparison to comparator drugs.
Highlights
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a commensal organism and is present in up to 80% of healthy individuals
Multidrug resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections and is on the rise. The aim of this investigation was to explore the prevalence of MRSA and heterogeneous Glycopeptide Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in various clinical samples, to investigate the various antibiotic resistant determinant genes among these strains collected from north and west Indian hospitals and to evaluate the response of various drugs to these strains
Vancoplus is a novel antibiotic adjuvant entity comprised of a β-lactam moiety plus a glycopeptide along with a non antibiotic adjuvant VRP1020. This antibiotic combination has been designed for the treatment of infections caused by multi drugresistant gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The aim of this investigation was to explore the prevalence of MRSA and heterogeneous glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in various clinical samples, to investigate the various antibiotic resistant determinant genes among these strains collected from north and west Indian hospitals and to evaluate the response of various drugs to these strains
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a commensal organism and is present in up to 80% of healthy individuals It is one of the common causative agents of hospital and community acquired infections, skin infections, pneumonia, surgical site infections, chronic bone infections and blood stream infections (Kreienbuehl et al, 2011; Perichon and Courvalin, 2009). The antibiotics such as methicillin, oxacillin and nafcillin, macrolides, tetracycline and aminoglycosides which are being used to treat these infections, are getting resistant (Thati et al, 2011). HGISA infections were found to be associated with a high rate of failure of vancomycin therapy (Howden et al, 2010), whereas in other studies hGISA infections were successfully treated with vancomycin (Kim et al, 2002)
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