Abstract
BackgroundHepatitis delta virus (HDV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is well known to induce a spectrum of acute and chronic liver diseases which further advance to cirrhosis, fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).AimThe aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis D virus super-infection among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive individuals in the highly populated province of Pakistan which is not well known.MethodsSera samples were subjected to HBsAg and anti-HDV screening and finally anti-HDV and HBsAg positive coinfected samples were used for HDV active RNA confirmation using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsOut of total 200 HBsAg positive samples by rapid device, 96 (48%) were also found reactive for HBsAg using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Out of these HBsAg ELISA positive samples, 80 (88.8%) were anti-HDV ELISA positive which were then subjected to PCR. The amplification results further confirmed 24 (30%) samples to be HDV RNA positive. HDV super-infection was more common in male patients than female patients (81% VS 19%).ConclusionThe current study shows a high prevalence rate of HDV-HBV co-infection in Pakistan that tends to increase over time.
Highlights
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is well known to induce a spectrum of acute and chronic liver diseases which further advance to cirrhosis, fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
The current study shows a high prevalence rate of HDV-HBV co-infection in Pakistan that tends to increase over time
Total 56 anti-HDV enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) positive samples were found negative for HDV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Summary
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is well known to induce a spectrum of acute and chronic liver diseases which further advance to cirrhosis, fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More than 350 million individuals worldwide are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) carriers and at least 5% of these are co-infected with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) [1]. In association with HBV, HDV produces significantly more severe illness than HBV alone [3]. HDV is well known to induce a spectrum of both acute and chronic liver diseases [4]. Individuals having HBV-HDV co-infection may have more severe acute disease and higher risks of fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than those having HBV infection alone [5,6]
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