Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in India by Individual Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Clinical Factors

Abstract

Gestational diabetes is common in pregnancy and is associated with adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes. Currently, population-based data on the prevalence of gestational diabetes are limited in India. To provide a comprehensive national assessment of gestational diabetes in India and its socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic associations, using elevated random blood glucose data as a proxy for a gestational diabetes diagnosis. This cross-sectional study analyzed the fourth National Family Health Survey, conducted in India between January 2015 and December 2016. This nationally representative sample comprised 699 686 women 15 to 49 years of age, of whom 32 428 (4.6%) were pregnant. Data were analyzed between July and December 2019 and between July and August 2020. Age, body mass index, hypertension, wealth, and social caste were factors potentially associated with gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes, defined as elevated random blood glucose according to predetermined thresholds (≥200 mg/dL for nonfasting, ≥92 mg/dL for fasting). Of the 31 746 pregnant women with complete data in the study, the mean (SD) age was 24.3 (4.7) years, and the mean (SD) gestational age was 5.1 (2.3) months. The weighted age-adjusted prevalence of gestational diabetes was 1.3% (95% CI, 1.1%-1.5%). The prevalence of gestational diabetes increased with age, from 1.0% (95% CI, 0.5%-1.5%) at age 15 to 19 years to 2.4% (95% CI, 1.0%-3.8%) at age 35 years or older. The age-adjusted prevalence of gestational diabetes was higher among women with a body mass index of 27.5 or greater (1.8%; 95% CI, 1.0%-2.5%) compared with women with a body mass index of less than 18.5 (0.8%; 95% CI, 0.5%-1.1%), among women in the highest wealth quartile (1.7%; 95% CI, 1.1%-2.5%) compared with those in the lowest (0.9%; 95% CI, 0.7%-1.2%), and women in the south (eg, Kerala: 4.5%; 95% CI, 2.4%-6.7%; Telangana: 5.4%; 95% CI, 0.0%-11.0%) compared with the northeast (eg, Assam: 0.23%; 95% CI, 0.0%-0.48%; Mizoram: 0.16%; 95% CI, 0.0%-0.49%). In this study, considerable variation was found in the prevalence of gestational diabetes by state, socioeconomic status, and demographic factors. This finding has implications for the method of gestational diabetes screening in low-resource settings in India, especially in areas or among demographic groups with lower prevalence.