Prevalence of Genes Encoding Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Gram-Positive Cocci in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract

Introduction: Several studies have investigated the genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) among gram-positive cocci (GPC) such as Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and Enterococcus spp. in Iran; however, a comprehensive analysis has not yet been performed. Thus, the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of genes encoding AMEs among GPC in Iran. Methods: A systematic review of the data published in the English and Persian languages from January 2000 to October 2018 was performed by searching different electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Iranian Database). Meta-analysis was performed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat V2.2) software. Cochran's Q and I2 statistics were used to test heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed by using funnel plot and Begg's and Egger's tests. Results: Out of 117 studies, 28 were considered eligible for inclusion in the current meta-analysis. The most prevalent AMEs gene among GPC was aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, with a prevalence of 97.7% (95% CI; 94.4-99) in high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci and 67.7% (95% CI; 59.2-75.2) in MRSA. The second most common gene was ant(4')Ia, with a prevalence of 45.3% (95% CI; 23.9-68.6) in MRSA. Conclusions: It was ultimately determined that the prevalence of AMEs genes among GPC had reached alarming levels in Iran; therefore, aminoglycosides should be prescribed with caution by clinicians. The implementation of a regional and nationwide surveillance system to monitor antimicrobial resistance, especially aminoglycosides, and increasing the awareness of AMEs genes among clinicians are essential to guiding empirical and pathogen-specific therapy.