Abstract
BackgroundThe prevalence of overweight/obesity has become a major concern for public health in developing countries. Risk factors need to be well documented so that these countries develop public policies to fight the problem. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of excess fat among adolescents of a South Brazilian State Capital associated with risk factors and their consequences.MethodsThis study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 with adolescents aged 11–18 years. The following body composition measurements were collected: body mass, height, waist circumference, fat mass and bone mineral density (this latter through dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Biochemical data as glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were also collected. Finally, socioeconomic questionnaires were applied, as well as questionnaires regarding: the education level of guardians, active transportation, time spent with sedentary activities and physical activities. Odds ratios and chi-square test were applied in statistical analysis.ResultsData from 675 adolescents, from which 70% were males, were analyzed. The mean age was 14.7 ± 1.8 years. The prevalence of excess fat was 18.2% in boys and 92.1% in girls. As for sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity, having one of these factors increased the risk of being overweight by 7.9 times for boys and 3.0 times for girls. In boys, there was a significant association between excess fat and waist circumference (p = 0.000; OR = 13.5; CI = 7.0–25.9), physical activity level (p = 0.000; OR = 4.0; CI = 2.5–6.5), triglycerides (p = 0.019; OR = 2.2; CI = 1.1–4.2) and total cholesterol (p = 0.000; OR = 2.6; CI = 1.6–4.5). In girls, there was an association between having excess fat and an increase in total cholesterol (p = 0.000; OR = 8.0; CI = 2.6–24.4).ConclusionsThe high prevalence of excess fat was greater than what was described by some studies conducted in developed countries. This reality demonstrates the need to implement public policies that can directly promote the reduction of sedentary habits and reinforce the importance of adopting an active lifestyle.
Highlights
The prevalence of overweight/obesity has become a major concern for public health in developing countries
This variation is due to the instruments used in the measurements, the methodology used for the cut-off point and the regions of the country being studied [6, 7]
As follows, considering: a) that the association between excess fat, socio-demographic factors, and lifestyle in developing countries is not yet clear; b) the serious consequences that can result from excess fat; and c) the need for regional studies to establish more effective local preventive measures; the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of excess fat among adolescents from a south Brazilian metropolitan region and State capital, associated with risk factors and their consequences
Summary
The prevalence of overweight/obesity has become a major concern for public health in developing countries. As motivation for this study, the literature presents different prevalence results for overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in developing countries. This situation raises the hypothesis that in this phenomenon there are sociodemographic and lifestyle differences that can have impact on the different risk factors [3, 5]. Brazilian studies have no different conclusions and maintain this discrepancy, with rates ranging from 4.4% to 18% for obesity [6] and 3.1% to 38.9% for overweight [7] This variation is due to the instruments used in the measurements, the methodology used for the cut-off point and the regions of the country being studied [6, 7]
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