Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus DNA in Cord Blood and Voided Urine Obtained from Pregnant Women at the End of Pregnancy

Abstract

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnant women at the end of pregnancy in Kuwait using cord blood and maternal urine. Subjects and Methods: Urine samples were collected prior to childbirth, and cord blood was collected immediately after delivery from 983 women. Anti-CMV IgG and IgM antibodies were determined using ELISA; CMV DNA was detected using nested PCR, and viral load was calculated using real-time PCR. CMV concentration in samples was categorized as low when the viral load ≤10³ copies/µl, intermediate when the viral load = 10³–10⁴ copies/µl, and high when the viral load >10⁴ copies/µl. The cord blood serology outcome was compared to cord blood PCR, cord blood viral load, maternal urine PCR and viral load analyses. Results: Serology showed that of the 983 cord blood samples, 89 (9%) were positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies; PCR test showed 44 (4.5%) contained CMV DNA, and there was a high viral load in all. Maternal urine PCR showed that 9 (10.11%) women had CMV DNA, and there was a high viral load in 7 (78%). The kappa test for measures of agreement showed a reasonable agreement (0.45) between cord blood PCR and urine PCR. Conclusion: This study showed that CMV infection in the cord blood sera of pregnant women is common in Kuwait and highlights the need for more clinically based studies to follow up newborns with congenital CMV infection.