Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although CKD prevalence has been rapidly increasing in LMICs, particularly in Asia, quantitative studies on the current epidemiology of CKD in this region are limited. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of CKD stages 3–5 in LMICs in Asia, by subregion, country economy classification, identification of CKD, traditional and non-traditional risk factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted through a literature search of seven electronic databases and grey literature search published until November 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias of each study. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence. The protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42019120519). Of 4,548 potentially relevant records, 110 studies with moderate and high quality were included with 4,760,147 subjects. The average prevalence (95% CI) of CKD stages 3–5 in 14 LMICs in Asia was 11.2% (9.3–13.2%). The prevalence of CKD stages 3–5 was varied among subregions and country economic classification. CKD prevalence was 8.6% (7.2–10.2%) in east Asia, 12.0% (7.7–17.0%) in south-east Asia, 13.1% (8.7–18.2%) in western Asia, and 13.5% (9.5–18.0%) in south Asia. CKD prevalence was 9.8% (8.3–11.5%) in upper-middle-income countries and 13.8% (9.9–18.3%) in lower-middle-income countries. Prevalence of CKD stage 3–5 in LMICs in Asia is comparable to global prevalence. High level of heterogeneity was observed. Study of factors and interventions that lead to the delay of CKD progression is needed.
Highlights
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was estimated to be 13.4% in all five stages and 10.6% in stages 3–5 in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis [1]
Two investigators independently selected relevant studies based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) the observational studies, including cross-sectional study and cohort study; (2) the study participants aged 15 years and above; (3) the study participants included both males and females; (4) included at least 50 participants; (5) reported the prevalence of CKD stage 3–5 and end-stage renal disease (ESRD); (6) the observed participants were non-dialysis-dependent CKD; and (7) CKD estimated by serum creatinine (Scr) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the CKD-EPI creatinine equation (CKD-EPI), four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), body surface area (BSA) or standardised Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equations
The present study found that the current prevalence of CKD stages 3–5 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Asia is 11.2%, comprising 117 populations in LMICs across Asia
Summary
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was estimated to be 13.4% in all five stages and 10.6% in stages 3–5 in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis [1]. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 in low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Statistics Research Center (PESRC) through the Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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