Abstract
BackgroundThe incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continue to rise worldwide. Increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and cigarette smoking are well-recognized risk factors for CKD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation leading to airway obstruction and parenchymal lung destruction. Due to some of the common pathogenic mechanisms, COPD has been associated with increased prevalence of CKD.MethodsSystematic review of medical literature reporting the incidence and prevalence of CKD in patients with COPD using the Cochrane Collaboration Methodology, and conduct meta-analysis to study the cumulative effect of the eligible studies. We searched Medline via Ovid, PubMed, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science databases from 1950 through May, 2016. We included prospective and retrospective observational studies that reported the prevalence of CKD in patients with COPD.ResultsOur search resulted in 19 eligible studies of which 9 have been included in the meta-analysis. The definition of CKD was uniform across all the studies included in analysis. COPD was found to be associated with CKD in the included epidemiological studies conducted in many countries. Our meta-analysis showed that COPD was found to be associated with a significantly increased prevalence of CKD (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.20; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.83, 2.65). Study limitations: Studies included are observational studies. However, given the nature of our research question there is no possibility to perform a randomized control trial.ConclusionsPatients with COPD have increased odds of developing CKD. Future research should investigate the pathophysiological mechanism behind this association, which may lead to better outcomes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0315-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continue to rise worldwide
Another study was published in April 2016 while we were in the process of submission for publication [18]
Setting & period: Patients aged 40-76 years with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were recruited from health institutions in Hordaland County in Western Norway, where as those without COPD were recruited among former participants from a general population survey in Hordaland County; between 2006 and 2007 COPD group: 433 patients, 59.6% male Non-COPD group: 233 patients
Summary
The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continue to rise worldwide. Increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and cigarette smoking are well-recognized risk factors for CKD. Due to some of the common pathogenic mechanisms, COPD has been associated with increased prevalence of CKD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem in the United States, with rising incidence and prevalence of kidney failure, with poor outcomes and high cost. There is an even higher prevalence of earlier stages of CKD. According to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), it was Diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are associated with greater prevalence of CKD [1, 2]. As per United States Renal Data System (USRDS data), prevalence of stage 3 CKD has been increasing.
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