Prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities among hospitalized patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and factors associated with a higher case-fatality rate

Abstract

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is proven to be a catalyst for sudden cardiac death among affected population. However, the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities (CVC) and their association with in-hospital mortality has not been established among hospitalized patients with HCM. Methods National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried from 2016 to 2020 to identify hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of HCM. The prevalence of CVC and case-fatality rate was determined for this patient population using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results Weighted data was analyzed for a total of 278,995 admission cases with HCM. Crude in-hospital mortality rate increased from 16.4% to 22.9% during the study period. Atrial fibrillation (42.1%), HFpEF (28.1%), and cardiorenal syndrome (16.6%) were the most common CVC among hospitalized patients with HCM. The case-fatality rate was the highest among HCM patients hospitalized due to cardiac arrest (41%) followed by cardiac tamponade (13.7%) and STEMI (10.2%). Increasing age (aOR: 1.02, 95%CI: 1.02-1.03, p<0.0001), Asian/Pacific Islander race (aOR: 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1-2.4-, p=0.007), cerebrovascular accident (aOR: 2.3, 95%CI: 1.7-3.01, p<0.0001), NSTEMI (aOR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.3-2.4, p<0.0001), peripheral vascular diseases (aOR: 1.3, 95%CI: 1.03-1.6, p=0.03), cardiorenal syndrome (aOR: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.2-1.8, p<0.0001), and cardiac arrest (aOR: 26.6, 95%CI: 20.9-33.9, p<0.0001). Among HCM patients with acute myocardial infarction requiring revascularization procedures, in-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower among those undergoing PCI than CABG (8.5% vs. 37.5%, p=0.008 for STEMI and 1.8% vs. 4.9%, p=0.04 for NSTEMI). Conclusions Mortality rate among hospitalized patients with HCM has been slightly on the rise over the last half century. Although aging population might be a contributing factor, comorbid end-organ damages including CVA, NSTEMI, and cardiorenal syndrome have demonstrated substantial association with in-hospital mortality in addition to cardiac arrest. For HCM patients requiring revascularization procedures, PCI seems to be associated with a lower mortality rate than its competitor CABG.