Prevalence of bacterial infection among narghile smokers complaining of respiratory problems in Kirkuk city, Iraq

Abstract

Respiratory infections by different bacteria that are raised from smoking narghile and electronic cigarettes are rising steadily.  This study aims to determine the relation of smoking narghiles and electronic cigarettes with respiratory infection caused by bacterial infection among different age groups in Kirkuk city. Sputum samples were taken from 130 patients with typical signs and symptoms of respiratory infection who were narghile and electronic cigarette smokers. Bacterial isolati