Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and Insomnia among Healthcare Workers during Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Covid-19 pandemic had a deleterious impact on the healthcare system and interrupted the healthcare services for individuals, families, and communities. This review aimed to ascertain the prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and stress among nurses and doctors during Covid-19 pandemic based on Cochrane collaboration guidelines and reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The online literature search was conducted from 1 January 2021 to 31 April 2021; two authors independently searched and appraised the quality of studies. The quality of studies was assessed using modi'Agrave; ed Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled data was analysed using random-effect model and heterogeneity was assessed by I2 test. A total of 13 studies comprising 9060 participants were selected for meta-analysis. The prevalence of anxiety and depression among nurses was ES (95% CI) [0.42(0.33,0.50), I2 I =97.42, p'lt;0.001], and 0.42 (0.32, 0.52), I2 I =97.60, p'lt;0.001] respectively. Anxiety and depression among doctors was ES (95%CI) [0.34(0.26,0.42)], I2 I =95.26, p'lt;0.001 and 0.34 (0.23,0.45), I2 I =97.61, p'lt;0.001 respectively. The overall pooled prevalence of insomnia among nurses was 0.44 (0.35, 0.53), I2 I =90.97, p'lt;0.001 and doctors was 0.35 (0.26, 0.43), I2 I =90.79, p'lt;0.001. The total pooled prevalence rate of stress among nurses was 0.37 (0.08, 0.66), I2 I =99.56, p'lt;0.001 and doctors was 0.37 (0.06, 0.68), I2 I =99.07, p'lt;0.001. The overall subgroup pooled prevalence rate of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and stress due to Covid-19 pandemic among nurses and doctors was 0.42 (0.33, 0.50) I2= 99.96, p'lt;0.001, 0.34 (0.29, 0.40), I2 I =96.93, p'lt;0.001, respectively. Anxiety and depression were the most common problems exhibited by the doctors and nurses during Covid-19 pandemic. These 'Agrave;ndings emphasise the urgency for an early identi'Agrave;cation and interventional strategies to mitigate the mental health crisis among frontline healthcare providers.