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Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and examined the possible relationship between water quality parameters and antibiotic resistance from two different drinking water sources (the Qiantang River and the Dongtiao Stream) in Hangzhou city of China. E. coli isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 18 antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (TE), followed by ampicillin (AM), piperacillin (PIP), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and chloramphenicol (C). The antibiotic resistance rate of E. coli isolates from two water sources was similar; For E. coli isolates from the Qiantang River, their antibiotic resistance rates decreased from up- to downstream. Seasonally, the dry and wet season had little impact on antibiotic resistance. Spearman's rank correlation revealed significant correlation between resistance to TE and phenicols or ciprofloxacin (CIP), as well as quinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) and cephalosporins or gentamicin (GM). Pearson's chi-square tests found certain water parameters such as nutrient concentration were strongly associated with resistance to some of the antibiotics. In addition, tet genes were detected from all 82 TE-resistant E. coli isolates, and most of the isolates (81.87%) contained multiple tet genes, which displayed 14 different combinations. Collectively, this study provided baseline data on antibiotic resistance of drinking water sources in Hangzhou city, which indicates drinking water sources could be the reservoir of antibiotic resistance, potentially presenting a public health risk.
Highlights
There is a growing concern regarding the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments (Kummerer, 2009; Diwan et al, 2010)
This study investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and examined the possible relationship between water quality parameters and antibiotic resistance from two different drinking water sources in Hangzhou city of China
Except for dissolved oxygen (DO) and fecal coliforms at site Q4 in the wet season, all values of water quality parameters tested met Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard for grade III (GB3838-2002), which was the standard for evaluating the water quality of centralized drinking water source supplies in China
Summary
There is a growing concern regarding the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments (Kummerer, 2009; Diwan et al, 2010). Direct or indirect contact with water (for drinking, or recreational use) contaminated by ARB could harm and infecte the human population with antibiotic resistant pathogens, and/or ARGs carried by bacteria may transfer to microorganisms in humans as a consequence of horizontal gene transfer (Chen et al, 2011; Heuer et al, 2011; Ribeiro et al, 2012; Jiang et al, 2013) Such events would undermine our ability to prevent and control disease, and expose a great threat to public health. Considering the source water is directly related with human activity and health, understanding the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in human drinking water sources is of great importance
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