Abstract
BackgroundAnemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency globally, affecting about a quarter of the world population. In Brazil, about one-fifth of children under five years of age are anemic. Previous case studies indicate prevalence rates much higher among indigenous peoples in the country. The First National Survey of Indigenous People’s Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008–2009, was the first survey based on a nationwide representative sample to study the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among indigenous children in Brazil.MethodsThe survey assessed the health and nutritional status of indigenous children < 5 years of age based on a representative sample of major Brazilian geopolitical regions. A stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for indigenous villages. Within villages, children < 5 years of age in sampled households were included in the study. Prevalence rates of anemia were calculated for independent variables and hierarchical multivariate analysis were conducted to assess associations.ResultsEvaluation of hemoglobin levels was conducted for 5,397 children (88.1% of the total sample). The overall prevalence of anemia was 51.2%. Higher risk of presenting anemia was documented for boys, lower maternal schooling, lower household socioeconomic status, poorer sanitary conditions, presence of maternal anemia, and anthropometric deficits. Regional differences were observed, with the highest rate being observed in the North.ConclusionsThe prevalence rates of anemia in indigenous children were approximately double than those reported for non-indigenous Brazilian children in the same age group. Similarly notable differences in the occurrence of anemia in indigenous and non-indigenous children have been reported for other countries. Deeper knowledge about the etiology of anemia in indigenous children in Brazil is essential to its proper treatment and prevention.
Highlights
Anemia is considered the most prevalent nutritional deficiency globally, affecting about a quarter of the world population, especially children and women of reproductive age [1,2]
The aim of our paper is to present the results of analyses on the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among indigenous children ≥ 6 months and < 5 years of age in Brazil, based on hemoglobin levels measured by the National Survey field teams
The risk of anemia decreased with increasing age of the child, progressively lowering with each age group
Summary
Anemia is considered the most prevalent nutritional deficiency globally, affecting about a quarter of the world population, especially children and women of reproductive age [1,2]. In Brazil, the changing nutritional scenario of children less than five years of age has been evaluated optimistically based on results from national surveys in recent decades, revealing a tendency towards dramatic reductions in the prevalence rates of chronic undernutrition for this age group in all regions of the country [7]. This trend has been attributed to improvements in education levels and family socioeconomic conditions, as well as public investments in infrastructure, health, and sanitation. The First National Survey of Indigenous People’s Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008–2009, was the first survey based on a nationwide representative sample to study the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among indigenous children in Brazil
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