Abstract
Gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis and gastric cancer are most commonly caused by virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), such as the vacA, cagA, dupA and oipA genes. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence and the combination of these virulence factors from patients with gastric diseases. The endoscopic biopsies were obtained from 516 patients with gastric symptoms, 101 of which were from patients with normal gastric tissue, 365 of which were from patients with chronic gastritis, and 50 of which were from patients with gastric cancer. H. pylori and the virulence factors were detected by PCR. The oipA gene exhibited an increased risk for chronic gastritis (p = 0.0296), and the vacA gene demonstrated a risk for gastric cancer from chronic gastritis (p = 0.0002). Based on the combination of the virulence factors, cagA, vacA, dupA and oipA genes exhibited a high prevalence in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. The cagA+/dupA+ genotype demonstrated a significant correlation in patients with normal gastric mucosa (p = 0.0278). In the chronic gastritis group, a significant association was observed between the cagA+ and the vacA s1m1 genotypes (p cagA+/dupA+ genotypes (p = 0.0183), the dupA+/oipA+ genotypes (p cagA, vacA, dupA, and oipA genes, which contributed to the risk of developing gastroduodenal diseases. Furthermore, this is the first study to reveal a high prevalence of the oipA gene in H. pylori isolates in Brazil.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative and microaerophilic bacterium that infects approximately 50% of the world’s population
This study revealed a high prevalence of the combination of cagA, vacA, dupA, and oipA genes, which contributed to the risk of developing gastroduodenal diseases
This is the first study to reveal a high prevalence of the oipA gene in H. pylori isolates in Brazil
Summary
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative and microaerophilic bacterium that infects approximately 50% of the world’s population. The prevalence of the infection varies between developed and developing countries. A higher prevalence of H. pylori infection (75% - 83%) was found in Latin American countries than in Japan (40%) and other developed countries [1] [2]. H. pylori infection is the main cause of peptic or duodenal ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancer. The bacterium colonizes the gastric mucosa by using urease activity to resist the hostile acidic condition of the stomach. After surviving in the stomach environment, flagellar motility is necessary to move the bacterium through the gastric epithelium cells. The interaction of H. pylori adhesins and cellular receptors supports gastric mucosa infection, and it is followed by the secretion of virulence factors (such as vacA, cagA, dupA and oipA genes) which cause tissue damage [1] [3] [4]
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