Prevalence, genetic characteristics and economic losses of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMD) in global and Bangladesh context: A Review

Abstract

Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease (TAD) affecting global cloven-hooved wild and domesticated animals. It is recognized as a significant economic infectious disease in the livestock business. Domesticated animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and buffalo are vulnerable hosts for FMD. This RNA virus is classified as a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. It encompasses around 60 subtypes and is divided into seven serotypes: C, O, A, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1. There is no cross-protection across different serotypes, and occasionally, the effectiveness of vaccination may be restricted, even when targeting the same serotype. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and classify the viruses currently in circulation, mainly when vaccination is employed for disease management. Hence, it is necessary to administer multivalent vaccines with genetically matching vaccines in circulation to ensure adequate protection through immunization. Bangladesh has a high cattle population, and FMD leads to significant economic losses for farmers. Serotypes A, O, and Asia 1 are circulating in Bangladesh. The most common serotype is O, although Bangladesh has reported multiple serotype infections. Strategic vaccination, immunity screening, and outbreak surveillance are being examined for FMD management in Bangladesh. This review analyses FMD epidemiology, genetics, diagnostics, economic impacts, and prevention-control efforts worldwide, emphasizing Bangladesh. Finally, the study recommends FMD management advice for endemic settings.