Prevalence, Correlates and Trends in Tobacco Use among Youths: A Retrospective Secondary Data Analysis of Nationally Representative Surveys (NFHS-5) in India

Abstract

Introduction: Youths are the most vulnerable population to initiate tobacco use. It is the need of the hour to prevent tobacco addiction among young people to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with it. Therefore, there is a need for necessary data to build an appropriate strategy to combat this epidemic. Aim: To determine the prevalence and trends of tobacco use and to assess the factors associated with tobacco use among youths (age 15-24 years) in India. Materials and Methods: This retrospective secondary data analysis study was conducted at Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, between January 2023 and June 2023, using data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), 2019-2021, which was conducted across all states of India to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use among the 15-24 age group. Data were compared with NFHS 3 and 4 to observe the trends in tobacco use. The data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 21.0). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the significant risk factors associated with tobacco use. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use was 2109/14525 (14.52%) and 2237/14525 (15.40%) respectively among male youths aged 20-24 years, and it was 374/119043 (31%) and 119/119043 (1.53%) in females of similar age. For males, the prevalence has decreased from 40.07% in NFHS-3 to 27.31% in NFHS-4 and to 22.51% in NFHS-5. For females, the prevalence has decreased from 4.55% in NFHS-3 to 2.38% in NFHS-4 and to 1.33% in NFHS-5. Males and females belonging to the scheduled caste/scheduled tribe, having a poor wealth index, and in the married category had a higher prevalence of tobacco use. Youths residing in rural areas were using more smokeless tobacco. Conclusion: There was a declining trend of tobacco use among youths over NFHS-3 (2005-2006), NFHS-4 (2015-2016), and NFHS-5 (2019-2021). Male gender, higher age, rural area, the northeast region of India, poor wealth index, education upto primary level, being married, and other categories of marriage had higher adjusted odds of using both forms of tobacco. There is a need to implement and enforce evidence-based tobacco control strategies that can substantially improve the health of the young, hence securing India’s future.