Prevalence, Characteristics, and Epidemiology of Microbial Hand Contamination Among Minnesota State Fair Attendees (2014).

Meghan R Mason,Connie L Clabots,James R Johnson,Bozena M Morawski,Fatuma M Noor,Ruby L Bayliss,Sagal H Jama

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.574444

Meghan R Mason, Connie L Clabots + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574444

Copy DOI

Abstract

Background: Many antimicrobial-resistant infections are community-acquired, yet community carriage of microorganisms by healthy individuals is poorly characterized. We assessed microorganism carriage on the hands of Minnesota State Fair attendees and explored associated factors.Methods: Minnesota State Fair attendees (in 2014) from households with ≥2 members (≥1 member being <19 years old [a child]) were eligible to participate. Participants provided biological samples via a hand plating technique and completed a questionnaire on factors potentially related to microorganism carriage. Using presumptive taxonomic identifications and disk-diffusion-determined resistance phenotypes, hand-culture isolates were classified by microbial type; types were grouped into four broad categories based on inferred pathogenicity and consistency with the skin microbiota. Descriptive statistics, X2 tests, and generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to explore associations between survey and culture data.Results: We enrolled 206 participants from 82 households during 2 days; 50% of subjects were children. Overall, 99.5% (205/206) of hand samples yielded microorganisms. Most were non-pathogenic, whether skin microbiota (98.5% of participants) or non-skin microbiota (93.2% of participants). Only 2.4% (5/206) of samples yielded antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Children were more likely than adults to carry potentially pathogenic (OR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.66–7.93) and presumably non-pathogenic (OR = 6.61, 95% CI: 1.67–26.15) non-skin microorganisms.Conclusions: Large community gatherings can serve as efficient sites for estimating the prevalence of microorganism carriage. A small proportion of participants carried antimicrobial-resistant pathogens on their hands; most carried non-pathogenic microorganisms, and no exposures specific to the state fair were associated with microorganism carriage.

Highlights

In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis hypothesized that infectious particles could be transferred from person to person via a clinician’s hands [1]
NPNS microorganisms were significantly more likely among children (OR = 6.66, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.45–30.55, p = 0.01), less likely among outdoor activity participants (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02–0.46, p < 0.01) and among those who used a topical skin product the day of the fair (OR = 0.03–0.91, p < 0.01)
Given the importance of adult/child status as a predictor of NPNS and Potentially pathogenic non-skin (PPNS) microorganisms, we examined the relationship between adult/child status and other demographic/behavioral factors using X2 tests

Summary

Introduction

In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis hypothesized that infectious particles could be transferred from person to person via a clinician’s hands [1]. Hands have subsequently been implicated in innumerable infections, with transmission occurring both directly (person-to-person) and via contaminated surfaces [2,3,4,5]. Each year in the United States an estimated 1.7 million hospital-acquired infections occur, resulting in 99,000 deaths—many of which are attributable to inadequate hand hygiene [9]. These infections account for over $9.8 billion in healthcare expenses [10]. We assessed microorganism carriage on the hands of Minnesota State Fair attendees and explored associated factors

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion