Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Diabetes in India From the Countrywide National NCD Monitoring Survey.

Prashant Mathur,Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan,Sravya Leburu

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.748157

Abstract

BackgroundTo determine the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated factors amongst adults (18–69 years) in India from the National Noncommunicable Disease Monitoring Survey (NNMS).MethodsNNMS was a comprehensive, cross-sectional survey conducted in 2017–18 on a national sample of 12,000 households in 600 primary sampling units. In every household, one eligible adult aged 18–69 years were selected. Information on NCD risk factors and their health-seeking behaviors were collected. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and fasting capillary blood glucose were measured. DM was defined as fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥126 mg/dl including those on medication. Awareness, treatment, and control of DM were defined as adults previously diagnosed with DM by a doctor, on prescribed medication for DM, and FBG <126 mg/dl, respectively. The weighted data are presented as mean and proportions with 95% CI. We applied the Student t-test for continuous variables, Pearson's chi-square test for categorical variables and multivariate regression to determine the odds ratio. For statistical significance, a p-value < 0.05 was considered.ResultsPrevalence of DM and impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) in India was 9.3% and 24.5% respectively. Among those with DM, 45.8% were aware, 36.1% were on treatment and 15.7% had it under control. More than three-fourths of adults approached the allopathic practitioners for consultation (84.0%) and treatment (78.8%) for diabetes. Older adults were associated with an increased risk for DM [OR 8.89 (95% CI 6.66–11.87) and were 16 times more aware of DM. Better awareness, treatment and control levels were seen among adults with raised blood pressure and raised cholesterol.ConclusionsThe prevalence of DM and IFG is high among adults, while the levels of awareness, treatment and control are still low in India, and this varied notably between the age groups. Multifaceted approaches that include improved awareness, adherence to treatment, better preventive and counseling services are crucial to halt diabetes in India. Also, expanding traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy [AYUSH]) into diabetes prevention and control practices open solutions to manage this crisis.

Highlights

Diabetes is a rapidly growing health challenge and potential epidemic across the low-and-middle-income countries like India [1]
Care for chronic diseases like diabetes poses challenges characterized by the need for sustained compliance to treatment, prevention or management of associated complications [3]
We present the results on diabetes care cascade among those aged 18–69 years from the large national comprehensive survey, the National Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) Monitoring Survey (NNMS)

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes is a rapidly growing health challenge and potential epidemic across the low-and-middle-income countries like India [1]. It is projected that by 2025 the number of cases with diabetes in India would be 69.9 million with a vast majority still undiagnosed [1, 2]. This is primarily driven by dietary transitions and insufficient or lack of physical activity altering the physiological milieu leading to overweight or obesity and diabetes [1, 2]. Care for chronic diseases like diabetes poses challenges characterized by the need for sustained compliance to treatment, prevention or management of associated complications [3]. This requires the continuous engagement of health systems in the continuum of care at all stages [3]. Awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated factors amongst adults (18–69 years) in India from the National Noncommunicable Disease Monitoring Survey (NNMS)

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