Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and Associated Risk Factors of Salmonella Isolate among Diarrheal Patients Visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia.

Samuel Chane Teferi,Luigi Santacroce

doi:10.1155/2020/8834107

Abstract

Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profile, and associated risk factors of Salmonella isolate among diarrheal patients who were visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, from November 2016 to January 2017. 384 stool samples were collected using sterile stool cups. Out of these, 20 (5.21%) were found to be positive for Salmonella species. The distribution of positive samples among the three age groups indicated that Salmonella species were predominantly prevalent in the age group of three months (0.25 years) to 4 years old patients. Abdominal pain, vomiting, watery consistency of stool, and 1–5 days of diarrhea were the clinical features that were significantly associated with salmonellosis. Eating raw vegetables and fruits, consumption of street-vended foods, cohabitation of animals, using water from the unprotected source, absence of latrine, and consumption of raw products of animals such as eggs and raw milk were the risk factors that were significantly associated with the prevalence of Salmonella species. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for the isolated Salmonella species against 5 currently recommended antibiotics. The antimicrobial sensitivity study carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method showed that 100% of Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and 80% sensitive to nalidixic acid, respectively. Among them, twenty isolated Salmonella species resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 100%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. This study revealed that Salmonella species were prevalent among diarrheal patients who were visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, and therefore, routine diagnosis of patients with diarrhea cases is required, and drugs must be prescribed after performing the sensitivity test, or checking the updated information on the local antibiotics pattern is always necessary.

Highlights

Diarrhea is a condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movement per day [1]
Results and Discussion ree hundred eighty-four (n 384) diarrheal patients attending the outpatient department of Dessie Referral Hospital were examined for Salmonella spp during the threemonth study period
Age group category was based on the Dessie Regional Health Bureau data record system on diarrheal diseases prevalence, where 0–4, 4–14, and ≥15 age groups are reported as under-five children, young children, and adults, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Diarrhea is a condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movement per day [1]. According to [1], diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old. E incidence of childhood diarrhea in Africa has decreased from 4.2 to 3.3 episodes per child-year from 1990 to 2010, but sub-Saharan Africa still accounts for onethird of diarrheal episodes yearly (500 million of 1.7 billion worldwide), with the highest incidence among children of 6–11 months of age [2]. In Ethiopia, as in other sub-Saharan African countries, morbidity from diarrheal diseases is a serious health problem, and according to [3], Salmonella was one of the major causes of diarrhea in humans. Diarrhea in children is the second leading top ten causes of death that accounted 8% in Ethiopia [4]

Objectives

Methods

Results