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Abstract
Background:Anemia is one of the well-recognized and significant complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which manifests noteworthy association with the progression of CKD, the inevitable necessity for blood transfusion, prolonged hospitalization. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive study as regards the prevalence of anemia and its association with laboratory parameters in CKD patients. Methods:The Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was applied to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the patients with hemoglobin (Hb) level < 13.0 g/dL in case of males and that < 12.0 g/dL in females was defined as anemic. The patients were stratified according to their Hb level into four different categories: Hb 12 g/dL. Results:Demographic status of CKD patients: Male/Female = 106/123 (M/F% = 46.28/53.71) with mean age 54.94 ± 17.98 and 55.13 ± 14.27, respectively. Out of 229 CKD patients, 157 (69%) were anemic, and 72 (31%) patients were non-anemic. The mean eGFR of anemic and non-anemic CKD patients was 10.14 ±13.57 and35.74 ± 30.36 with a significance level (P<0.001). Anemia was more prevalent in females’ (36%) than males’ patients (32%). The Prevalence for Hb < 12 g/dL for male and female patients was 55.29% and 79.25%, respectively, while that < 11 g/dL for male and female was found to be 39.03% and 63.21%. Conclusion:The prevalence of anemia in CKD population is notable and correlates with the progression of CKD
Highlights
The Prevalence of Anemia in Overall chronic kidney diseases (CKD) Patients: In totality among 229 CKD patients raging from stage-1 to stage-5, 157 (69%)
This study reveals that the overall prevalence of anemia in CKD patients based on the definition of anemia as a Hb concentration is less than 13 g/dL in males and less than 12 g/dL in females according to the KDIGO guidelines or a state receiving ESA was 69%
Hb level prevalence < 12 g/dL for male and female patients was 55.29% and 79.25%, respectively, while that < 11 g/dL for male and female was found to be 39.03% and 63.21% that is similar to the results demonstrated in a large a multi-center cross-sectional study that included the patients with different chronic CKD (n = 250) from 11 different medical centers of nephrology well-distributed all over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (Hsu et al, 2002, Shaheen et al, 2011)
Summary
Anemia is a well-recognized initial complication and has a correlation with the progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), the prospective necessity for blood transfusion, substandard quality of life as well as with the huge hike in morbidity and mortality Smith Jr (2010), van Nooten et al (2010), Farag et al (2011), Iseki and Kohagura (2007), (Tamura et al, 2016, Moranne et al, 2009, Herzog et al, 2004).The Prevalence of anemia with the aggrandized risk of cardiovascular (Strippoli et al, 2004, Wheeler et al, 2003, Thorp et al, 2009, Servilla et al, 2009, Pereira, 2002, Silverberg et al, 1998) and cerebrovascular(Abramson et al, 2003) phenomena leads to the progression of CKD, and hospitalization (Keane et al, 2003, Levin et al, 2005, Staples et al, 2009). Anemia is a well-recognized initial complication and has a correlation with the progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), the prospective necessity for blood transfusion, substandard quality of life as well as with the huge hike in morbidity and mortality Smith Jr (2010), van Nooten et al (2010), Farag et al (2011), Iseki and Kohagura (2007), (Tamura et al, 2016, Moranne et al, 2009, Herzog et al, 2004). Anemia in CKD patients is a clinically considerable burden, and it turns out to be predominant with the reduction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Progressive enhancement in anemia with the decline of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60. Anemia is an ultimate result of CKD as the kidneys synthesize and secrete the majority of EPO (Mercadal et al, 2012, Jacobson et al, 1957).
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