Prevalence and risk factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Melkamu A Zeru,Aweke A Mitiku,Endalamaw Tesfa,Tesfaye Abera Bokoro,Awoke Seyoum

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01256-9

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public health problem in developing as well as developed nations. DM leads to many complications that are associated with higher morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the current study was planned to assess the prevalence and risk factors of type-2 DM in Ethiopian population. Six electronic databases such as: PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, Web of science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online were searched for studies published in English up December 30, 2020. Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment of the included studies. The data was extracted by Microsoft excel and analyzed through Stata version 16 software. The random effect meta-regression analysis was computed at 95% CI to assess the pooled prevalence and risk factors of type-2 DM. Forty observational studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of DM in Ethiopia was 6.5% (95% CI (5.8, 7.3)). The sub-group analysis revealed that the highest prevalence of DM was found in Dire Dawa city administration (14%), and the lowest prevalence was observed in Tigray region (2%). The pooled prevalence of DM was higher (8%) in studies conducted in health facility. Factors like: Age ≥ 40 years ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.91 (95% CI: 1.05, 3.49)), Illiterate (AOR: 2.74 (95% CI: 1.18, 6.34)), Cigarette smoking (AOR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.17, 3.32)), Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (AOR: 2.01 (95 CI: 1.46, 2.27)), family history of DM (AOR: 6.14 (95% CI: 2.80, 13.46)), history of hypertension (AOR: 3.00 (95% CI: 1.13, 7.95)) and physical inactivity (AOR: 5.79 (95% CI: 2.12, 15.77)) were significantly associated with type-2 DM in Ethiopian population. In this review, the prevalence of type-2 DM was high. Factors like: Older age, illiteracy, cigarette smoking, MBI ≥ 25, family history of DM, history of hypertension and physical inactivity were an identified risk factors of type-2 DM. Therefore, health education and promotion will be warranted. Further, large scale prospective studies will be recommended to address possible risk factors of type-2 DM in Ethiopian population.

Highlights

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, which occurs when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin or when the body cannot use it
Ethiopia has been challenged by the growing magnitude of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes
The primary outcome of the study was the prevalence and risk factors of DM such as sex, age, family history of DM, body mass index (BMI), education status, cholesterol level, hypertension and we developed data collection tools to collect essential data from the studies included

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, which occurs when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin or when the body cannot use it. The rise in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes has been attributed to changes in urban habits, which have been linked to sedentary b ehaviour[5]. In Ethiopia, according to the national WHO steps survey of 2015, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 3.2%9. A few other studies in Ethiopia report the prevalence of diabetes mellitus ranges from 0.5 to 6.5%10,11. Even though in Ethiopia, one systematic review was published by Bishu.et al; on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and reported 2–6.5% prevalence of D M12. The previous review did not deal with socio-demographic risk factors that have a high potential effect on the development of diabetes. This systematic review and meta-analysis study was aimed to assess predictors for the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia. The results obtained in the current investigation would significantly contribute to health professionals in delivering health-related education, care provision and further necessary for policy implication

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion