Abstract
BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major threat to the health of people of African ancestry. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of CKD among adults in urban Cameroon.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of two months duration (March to April 2013) conducted at the Cité des Palmiers health district in the Littoral region of Cameroon. A multistage cluster sampling approach was applied. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was based on the Cockcroft-Gault (CG), the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the predictors of CKD.ResultsIn the 500 participants with a mean age of 45.3 ± 13.2 years included, we observed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (60.4 %), hypertension (38.6 %) and diabetes (2.8 %). The mean eGFR was 93.7 ± 24.9, 97.8 ± 24.9 and 99.2 ± 31.4 ml/min respectively with the MDRD, CG and CKD-EPI equations. The prevalence of albuminuria was 7.2 % while the prevalence of decreased GFR (eGFR < 60 ml/min) and CKD (any albuminuria and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min) was 4.4 and 11 % with MDRD, 5.4 and 14.2 % with CG, and 8.8 and 10 % with CKD-EPI. In age and sex adjusted logistic regression models, advanced age, known hypertension and diabetes mellitus, increasing body mass index and overweight/obesity were the predictors of albuminuria, decreased GFR and CKD according to various estimators.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of CKD in urban adults Cameroonian, driven essentially by the commonest risk factors for CKD.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major threat to the health of people of African ancestry
Compared with men, women were more likely to have a history of hypertension (15.5 vs. 9.4 %, p = 0.041), to have high body mass index (BMI, 28.6 vs. 25.8 kg/m2, p < 0.001)), and to be overweight or obese (68.2 vs. 53.6 %, p = 0.001), Table 1
Serum creatinine was higher in men than women (p < 0.001) but women had a significantly higher mean estimated creatinine clearance by the Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation (103.5 vs. 95.5 ml/min, p = 0.005)
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major threat to the health of people of African ancestry. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of CKD among adults in urban Cameroon. The adoption of western lifestyles, mostly in urban areas, contributes to increase the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in this setting [2,3,4]. The above factors are associated with glomerular diseases and constitute the main etiological factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). In central Africa, previous studies have reported a high prevalence of CKD which affects young adults in their productive years; being higher in high risk groups such as people with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity.
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