Prevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasmosis in Middle Java, Indonesia

Annisa Retmanasari,Barandi Sapta Widartono,Wayan Tunas Artama,Mahardika Agus Wijayanti

doi:10.1007/s10393-016-1198-5

Annisa Retmanasari, Barandi Sapta Widartono + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1198-5

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Journal: EcoHealth	Publication Date: Nov 9, 2016
Citations: 25	License type: open-access

Affiliation: Universitas Gadjah Mada

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Risk factors include consumption of undercooked meat, raw vegetables, and unfiltered water. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in Middle Java, Indonesia, using an EcoHealth approach, combined with geographic information system (GIS). A total of 630 participants were randomly selected from seven districts. Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 62.5%. Of those who were seropositive, 90.1% were IgG+, and 9.9% were IgG+ and IgM+. Several risk factors were identified, including living at elevations of ≤200 m, compared with >200 m (OR = 56.2; P < 0.001), daily contact with raw meat (OR = 1.8; P = 0.001), unfiltered water (OR = 1.7; P = 0.003), and density of cats (OR = 1.4; P = 0.045). Visualizing the spatial distribution of seropositive respondents highlighted clustering in lowland areas. This study highlighted that Middle Java has a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis and identified some important environmental, ecological, and demographic risk factors. When researching diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, where animal hosts, human lifestyle, and environmental factors are involved in transmission, an EcoHealth method is essential to ensure a fully collaborative approach to developing interventions to reduce the risk of transmission in high-risk populations.

Highlights

AND PURPOSEToxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease prevalent worldwide, is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)
The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans varies in different countries, with previous studies reporting country-specific prevalence rates of 6.7% in Korea; 12.3% in China; 23.9% in Nigeria; 46.0% in Tanzania, and high prevalence of up to 98.0% in some regions (Glasner et al 1992; Fromont et al 2009; Kamani et al 2009; Shin et al 2009; Swai and Schoonman 2009; and Xiao et al 2010)
Using an EcoHealth approach, this study aims to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in Middle Java, and identify factors associated with the occurrence of toxoplasmosis

Summary

Introduction

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease prevalent worldwide, is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The lifecycle of this parasite has three stages: the oocyst, bradyzoite (cyst), and tachyzoite. Serological studies in livestock revealed that worldwide the average T. gondii prevalence is 14.0% in cattle; 27.0% in goats; 25.0% in pigs; 66.0% in sheep; and 44.0% in horses (Tenter et al 2000). In Indonesia, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in livestock has been estimated as 8.8% in cattle, 51.0% in goats, and 45.0% in sheep (Artama et al 2007). The prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Indonesia for humans has been reported from 43 to 88% in some regions (Subekti et al 2006)

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