Abstract
BackgroundsNon-suicidal self-injury is a serious health problem among patients with depression or bipolar disorder. However, few studies within the Chinese context have investigated the prevalence of NSSI and its risk factors in above populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and its risk factors in patients with depression or bipolar disorder in China.MethodsThe final sample comprised of 394 inpatients(Mage = 29.71; SDage = 11.95) with depression or bipolar disorder from two psychiatric hospitals in Beijing, China. A General Demographic Data Form, the Non-suicidal Self-injury Questionnaire(NSSI-Q), Impulsivity Item and the Adverse Childhood Experiences-International Questionnaire(ACE-IQ) were completed by all patients.ResultsOf the 394 patients examined, 245(62.2%) of this sample reported NSSI in past year. Of the 245 patients with NSSI, 135(55.1%) were diagnosed with depression and 110(44.9%) were diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The most common methods of NSSI for female was “pinching”(23.1%) and “scratching”(22.8%), while for male it was “hiting hard objects”(12.7%). By multivariate regression analysis, young age, unemployment, a higher monthly family income, single, impulsivity, long duration of illness and ACEs were risk factors for NSSI in patients with depression and bipolar disorder(P<0.05).ConclusionsOur study points to the fact that there was an unfortunate message about the prevalence of NSSI among patients with depression or bipolar disorder in China. It is necessary not only to raise the awareness of NSSI in families and society, but also to formulate targeted assessment and intervention. Moreover, future research should not only focus on individuals being hospitalized, but should be representative of individuals treated at home or in the community because there are no national statistics on NSSI among such patients in China.
Highlights
Non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) is generally defined as “the direct, deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without the intention of suicidal intent” [1], including cutting or scratching the skin, burning/branding with cigarettes/lighters, scalding, striking oneself or other hard objects, banging limbs/head and hair pulling, et al [2]
Our findings indicated that a large number of patients with depression or bipolar disorder had engaged NSSI in this sample, and certain demographics, impulsivity and Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) was associated with NSSI among patients with depression or bipolar disorder in China
We proved that young, unemployment, single, a higher monthly family income, long duration of illness, impulsivity and ACEs were risk factors leading to NSSI of patients with depression and bipolar disorders
Summary
Non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) is generally defined as “the direct, deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without the intention of suicidal intent” [1], including cutting or scratching the skin, burning/branding with cigarettes/lighters, scalding, striking oneself or other hard objects, banging limbs/head and hair pulling, et al [2]. Estimated prevalence of NSSI vary widely as due to a number of factors including the time since last episode of NSSI, the number of NSSI episodes to be recognized, research tools, as well as different study areas and populations [5]. As a coping strategy for maladaptive individuals [9], NSSI are more prone to be seen in clinical populations, especially in patients with depression or bipolar disorder who have poor abilities of emotional regulation and coping [10]. A recent study observed that about 37 and 52% of patients with depression and bipolar disorder had engaged in NSSI at least once, respectively [11]. It is necessary to carefully design studies to help better understand the epidemiology of NSSI in Chinese patients with depression or bipolar disorder
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