Prevalence and risk factors for allergic sensitization: 3 cross-sectional studies among schoolchildren from 1996 to 2017.

Abstract

The prevalence of allergic sensitization and allergic diseases has increased for decades in Northern Europe, but recent studies are lacking. We sought to study the prevalence trends of allergic sensitization, associated risk factors, and the association with asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) among children in Northern Sweden. Three cohorts of children aged 7 to 8 years participated in a skin prick test (SPT) with 10 airborne allergens in 1996, 2006, and 2017, with 2148, 1693, and 1762 participants tested, respectively, representing 87% to 90% of schoolchildren in the catchment communities. Adjusted Poisson regression was used to identify risk factors for allergic sensitization and the association with asthma and AR. The prevalence of any positive SPT response increased from 21% in 1996 to 30% in 2006 and remained at 30% in 2017 (P< .001). Sensitization to cat was the most common for all the years. The risk factor pattern for a positive SPT response was similar in all examinations, with positive and significant associations with a family history of allergy (risk ratio, 1.4-1.5) and negative and significant associations with having a cat at home (risk ratio, 0.7-0.8). The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma increased, but the association with allergic sensitization weakened. The opposite trends were found for AR-decreasing prevalence and strengthened association with allergic sensitization. The prevalence of allergic sensitization increased from 1996 to 2006 but plateaued in the next decade, whereas the risk factor pattern remained stable. The diverging trends of associations between allergic sensitization and asthma and AR suggest secular trends in the clinical management of allergic diseases.