Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies in Post-Menopausal Patients on Hormone Replacement Therapy: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Background and Aim: In the United States, approximately 40% of post-menopausal women use hormone replacement therapy (HRT); estrogen with or without progesterone. Treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, urogenital atrophy is an indicator of short-term use of HRT. However, in some cross-sectional studies, it is reported that women use HRTs for far longer than the intended duration.