Abstract
The prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and osteopenia remain to be examined in the postmenopausal women of Punjab, India. The present cross-sectional study screened 1628 postmenopausal women during September 2019 to March 2020. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were confirmed on the basis of T-scores using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip (femoral neck) and lumbar spine regions (L1–L4 vertebrae). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was observed to be 30.50% and 44.20%, respectively, in postmenopausal women of Punjab. In univariable and multivariable regression analysis, variables independently influencing the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia were: higher systolic blood pressure (95%CI: 1.22–3.11 & 1.08–2.49), triglyceride levels (95%CI: 1.21–3.10 & 1.42–2.51), poor sleep quality (95%CI: 1.91–2.47 & 1.76–3.47) and C-reactive protein levels (95%CI: 2.18–3.56 & 1.03–2.18). Years since menopause >10 years was observed to be an independent predictor for the risk of osteopenia but not for osteoporosis. Higher body mass index (>30 kg·m−2) was observed to be a significant protective factor against the risk of osteoporosis (95%CI: 0.26–0.68) and osteopenia (95%CI: 0.19–0.52). The higher prevalence rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women of Punjab are alarming, which solicits awareness and earlier testing of those women who are approaching menopause.
Highlights
Introduction iationsOsteoporosis is a systemic disease whereby complex, composite and complicated molecular pathways interact to reduce the bone mass and its strength by triggering microarchitectural degradation of bone [1]
All the values of lipid profiles except high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed to be the highest in osteoporotic subjects followed by osteopenic subjects and in control subjects
The present study has examined the prevalence and predictors for the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia in 672 postmenopausal women of Punjab, India
Summary
Introduction iationsOsteoporosis is a systemic disease whereby complex, composite and complicated molecular pathways interact to reduce the bone mass and its strength by triggering microarchitectural degradation of bone [1]. Osteoporosis and its worst outcomes such as fractures and chronic pain are common in both genders, women are more vulnerable, accounting for 70–80 percent of all traumas including hip, spine and wrist fractures [3]. This prevalence increases further in postmenopausal women because of reduced estrogen levels resulting in accelerated loss of bone mass [4]. Several reports have revealed many factors which are associated with osteoporosis and may increase its risk [1–4] These factors are female gender, advancing age after menopause, low body mass index (BMI), family history, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol
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