Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Type 2 Diabetics Patients in Diabetic Center, Taif City, KSA

Abstract

Background: diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and a primary leading cause of irreversible visual impairment. Timely risk based screening of DR progression is crucial. Materials and Methods:a cross-sectional study was conducted between October-December 2016 at Diabetic Center, Taif city by assessing fundus photographs of type 2 Diabetics. Furthermore, we analysed the DR potential risk factors including demographic, duration of diabetes, [HbA1c], type of anti-diabetic drugs, dyslipidemia, [BMI]. Results:a total of 213 diabetic patient were included, 34 (16%) have DR with mean years of age 54.14 (13.12) and males were 19 (55.88%) and females 15 (44.12%). its mean of duration was 4.4 (4.5) months. DM duration’s mean was 15.6 year and SD was (10.26). Also, HbA1c mean (SD) was 8.11 (1.99). HbA1c% mean (SD) was 8.57 (1.88). Insulin only was the management of DM in 8 (23.53%) while oral hypoglycemic drugs only were used by 6 (17.65%) and the use of both was the treatment of 19 (55.88%) patients. Systematic diseases as dyslipidemia, hypercholesteremia and hypertension were prevalent among 15 (44.12%), 5 (14.17%) and 11 (32.35%) patients; respectively. Nephropathy presented in 12 (35.29%) patients. There were no underweight patients, 4 (2.23%) normal, 19 (55.88%) obese and 11 (32.35%) overweight. We conducted multivariate analysis of variance (MANOA) to compare the effect of age, duration of DM, HGA1c%, TRIGLYCERIDE (mg/dl), LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl), diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and GFR on the prevalence of DR. Also , A univariate analysis of variances (two-way ANOVA) was also conducted for each dependent variable. Conclusion:Among the participating patients , our study showed a high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy especially with male patints , high (HbA1c) and longer duration of diabetes. We have recommended a national plan for educational programs about diabetic retinopathy and important of Eye examination .Also,our study showed that certain risk factors may enhance the progression of DR. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of risk based screening for DR.